1、2012 年对外经济贸易大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案与解析一、阅读理解0 Even if the USs massive financial rescue operation succeeds, it should be followed by something even more far-reachingthe establishment of a Global Monetary Authority to oversee markets that have become borderless.Washington recognizes that the crisis has be
2、come global. Hank Paulson, Treasury secretary, has said that foreign banks operating in the US will be eligible for federal assistance and he is urging other nations to fashion their own bail-out programs. Central banks have also been synchronizing injections of funds into markets. These should be s
3、teps to a more comprehensive international response designed not just to extinguish the current fires, but to rebuild and maintain the capital markets for the longer term.The current global institutional apparatus is woefully incapable of overseeing the financial system that is evolving. The Interna
4、tional Monetary Fund is irrelevant to this crisis, the Group of Seven leading industrial countries lacks legitimacy in a world where China, Brazil and others are big players, and the Bank for International Settlement has no operational role. The US Federal Reserve is too besieged to act as a global
5、central bank. That vacuum at the centre is dangerous for everyone. The USs dependence on massive inflows of foreign capital, roughly $3bn(2bn, 1.6bn)a day, will surely increase now as Uncle Sam acquires $1 , 000bn in new obligations from current bail-outs. For years to come, Wall Street and Washingt
6、on will be unable to manage without strong co-operation from other markets.Beyond that, the international dimensions of finance are mind-boggling. Global assets have increased from $12, 000bn in 1980 to nearly $200, 000bn in 2007, far outstripping the growth of gross domestic product or the expansio
7、n of trade. An increasing amount of this capital now resides in Asia and the Gulf, not the US or Europe. A US company such as AIG sold more of its credit default swaps and insurance policies outside the US than within it. UBS employs 30, 000 Americans, is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and ow
8、ns Paine Webber. The capital markets will evolve in the context in which emerging market economies will be growing twice as fast as the rich nations and will, by mid-century, probably account for almost two-thirds of global GDP.Globalization will now also create a clash of philosophies. Most governm
9、ents and investors outside the US never shared the American system of cowboy capitalism. Now they have good reason to demand that some fundamental changes be made in the way the US manages its financial institutions. This can happen with a conscious, negotiated modification in the US financial model
10、, or it could result from foreign investors shifting their funds elsewhere.All of these considerations point to the eventual need for a new Global Monetary Authority. It would set the tone for capital markets in a way that would not be viscerally opposed to a strong public oversight function with ru
11、les for intervention, and would return to capital formation the goal of economic growth and development rather than trading for its own sake. In terms of US and international politics, a Global Monetary Authority is probably an idea whose time has not yet come. That may change as todays crisis evolv
12、es.1 The American government considers their bail-out programs in the US_.（A）an example to follow by other nations in order to save the capital market（B） the first steps to be taken to prevent an international crisis from breaking out（C） necessary measures available to all the banks in both the US a
13、nd abroad（D）significant in dealing with both the current crisis and the future crisis2 Which of the following is the main idea for Paragraph 3?（A）No financial organization is responsible for this crisis except Wall Street.（B） The US Federal Reserve is too weak to play a role in fighting the crisis.（
14、C） Only the cooperation of the global market can change the current situation.（D）The US needs more help from other countries, but help is not available.3 The world capital markets have been changing in terms of_.（A）speed（B） size（C） geographical focus（D）all the above4 Which of the following will NOT
15、happen due to the clashes between philosophies?（A）No government will share the American financial system.（B） The American government is asked to change their financial system.（C） There will be discussions between the US and other nations.（D）Some nations may choose to invest in places outside the US.
16、5 The future Global Monetary Authority is expected to_, according to the author.（A）oversee the monetary activities of all the countries（B） intervene in the capital formation and trade（C） help improve the international trade（D）promote economic growth and development5 We would all like to think that h
17、umankind is getting smarter and wiser and that our past blunders wont be repeated. Bookshelves are filled with such reassuring pronouncements. Encouraging forecasts rest in part on the belief that we can learn the right lessons from the past and cast discredited ideas onto the ash heap of history, w
18、here they belong.Those who think that humanity is making steady if fitful progress might point to the gradual spread of more representative forms of government, the largely successful campaign to eradicate slavery, the dramatic improvements in public health over the past two centuries, the broad con
19、sensus that market systems outperform centrally planned economies, or the growing recognition that action must be taken to address humanitys impact on the environment. An optimist might also point to the gradual decline in global violence since the Cold War. In each case, one can plausibly argue tha
20、t human welfare improved as new knowledge challenged and eventually overthrew popular dogmas, including cherished but wrongheaded ideas, from aristocracy to mercantilism that had been around for centuries.Yet this sadly turns out to be no universal law; There is no inexorable evolutionary march that
21、 replaces our bad, old ideas with smart, new ones. If anything, the story of the last few decades of international relations can just as easily be read as the maddening persistence of dubious thinking. Misguided notions are frustratingly resilient, hard to stamp out, no matter how much trouble they
22、have caused in the past and no matter how many scholarly studies have undermined their basic claims.Consider, for example, the infamous “ domino theory, “ kicking around in one form or another since President Dwight D. Eisenhowers 1954 “falling dominoes“ speech. During the Vietnam War, plenty of ser
23、ious people argued that a U. S. withdrawal from Vietnam would undermine Americas credibility around the world and trigger a wave of pro-Soviet realignments. No significant dominoes fell after US troops withdrew in 1975, however, and it was the Berlin Wall that eventually toppled instead. Various sch
24、olars examined the domino theory in detail and found little historical or contemporary evidence to support it.Although the domino theory seemed to have been dealt a fatal blow in the wake of the Vietnam War, it has re-emerged, phoenix-like, in the current debate over Afghanistan. We are once again b
25、eing told that if the United States withdraws from Afghanistan before achieving a clear victory, its credibility will be called into question, al Qaeda and Iran will be emboldened, Pakistan could be imperiled, and NATOs unity and resolve might be fatally compromised. Back in 2008, Secretary of State
26、 Condoleezza Rice called Afghanistan an “ important test of the credibility of NATO, “ and President Barack Obama made the same claim in late 2009 when he announced his decision to send 30, 000 more troops there. Obama also justified his decision by claiming that a Taliban victory in Afghanistan wou
27、ld spread instability to Pakistan. Despite a dearth of evidence to support these alarmist predictions, its almost impossible to quash the fear that a single change in their strategy will unleash a cascade of falling dominoes.There are other cases in which the lessons of the pastsadly unlearnedshould
28、 have been even more obvious because they came in the form of truly devastating catastrophes. Germanys defeat in World War I, for example, should seemingly have seared into Germans collective consciousness the lesson that trying to establish hegemony in Europe was almost certain to lead to disaster.
29、 Yet a mere 20 years later, Adolf Hitler led Germany into another world war to achieve that goal, only to suffer an even more devastating defeat.Why is it so hard for states to learn from history and, especially, from their own mistakes? And when they do learn, why are some of those lessons so easil
30、y forgotten? Moreover, why do discredited ideas come back into fashion when there is no good reason to resurrect them? Clearly, learning the right lessonsand remembering them over timeis a lot harder than it seems. But why?6 The author would agree to the following statement EXCEPT_.（A）it is true tha
31、t books can serve as testimony to many wrong ideas（B） people learn lessons from the past and abandon their mistaken notions for good（C） it is believed that people become wiser so that mistakes are not repeated（D）the optimistic forecast about humanity is grounded partly on its steady progress7 Lookin
32、g back on history there is enough evidence for the following EXCEPT _.（A）there has been a revival of domino theory even after heavy blows（B） aristocracy and mercantilism are wrong notions in our tradition（C） an improved human welfare only seems to be true（D）the Germans did not stop trying to establi
33、sh hegemony in Europe8 The US government claims the withdrawal from Afghanistan will not benefit America and_.（A）al Qaeda and Iran（B） NATO（C） Pakistan（D）both B and C9 The word “discredited“ is used twice in the passage. It means_.（A）incorrect（B） shameful（C） reputable（D）rejected10 The author uses_to
34、illustrate his opinion.（A）examples（B） comparison（C） quotations（D）statistics二、选词填空10 Choose the correct headings for each of the following paragraphs marked with B to F. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET(15 points).List of Headings i. Can unhappy consumers vote “No“? ii. Affluence does not free u
35、s from worries. iii. One dropout, one voteformula for disaster. iV. A large population does not fit in this hi-tech era. V. What are the long term consequences? Vi. The consumer activists intervene as the Third-Party. Vii. Where does the motivation come from? Viii. What is the price we pay? iX. A ho
36、rde of economic parasites poses the big problem.Example AnswerParagraph A iiA In America today people work fewer hours, have more security and real wealth than ever before, and yet we are an unhappy people involved in much social dissent. We are frustrated over poverty, equal rights, changing social
37、 mores, campus revolt, pollution, and our environment. The things we worry about today were, of course, problems years ago, but we were too busy, too insecure, too poor to do much about them. Perhaps we should be thankful for the affluence that has made it possible for us to move these “old problems
38、“ upward on our scale of priorities. At the same time we should recognize that while affluence provides the means it does not necessarily provide the wisdom for instantly coping with the complex social problems now concerning us.B Until quite recently, we have been so busy growing in an industrial s
39、ense, and we have enjoyed the fruits of our labor so much, that we have had little time or resources to devote to those broad social problems created by our rapidly advancing technology. No small part of this technological advance has been in agriculture. Those persons left in agriculture today are
40、the economic survivors of the greatest mass migration in the history of man. Had there been no out-migration from agriculture over the past 35 years, our present farm population would be 65 million rather than 10 million. This sudden displacement includes many who have neither the capacity nor yen t
41、o learn and master a new professionmany who find it disagreeable to work by the clock and calendar. Many of these are the technological dropouts who are in troublewho are both a burden and responsibility of our modern societywho are a source of discontent in this time of affluence.C Numbered among t
42、he dropouts and other technological misfits are many of our youth who, supported by affluent parents, have not had to worry much about becoming productive citizens. Suddenly we are aware of a large and growing group living on the leavings of a highly productive society. Earlier societies have had th
43、eir leisure classes but never before in history has so large a proportion of a society been free of the worries of seeking the bare essentials of food, shelter, and clothing. The perplexing problem facing us is how to absorb these technological dropouts and make them productive.D This growing horde
44、of economic parasites takes on a very serious meaning in a one-member, one-vote democratic society. Still in the minority, their presence is largely manifested in social meddlingin contemplation about the welfare of their fellow man. One such movement we vaguely call consumerism, in which activists
45、champion issues which appear to be beneficial to consumers. The term implies protection of the consumer, but the flood of proposals for ways and means of protecting the consumer are not generally traceable to those seeking protection for themselves. To the contrary, the specific issues of consumeris
46、m are initiated by those who, for assorted reasons, seek to protect others from harm.E The consumer activists obviously range from selfish to unselfish, from dishonest to honest, from thoughtless to well informed. Whatever their motives, they contend that consumers should be protected from physical
47、and economic harm, that consumers should be informed and educated in product knowledge, that consumers should have a choice in the market place, and finally that consumers should have proper legal redress for wrongs. Such virtuous aims seem undebatable until one realizes that under consumerism they
48、are subject to third-party interpretation which may or may not be in the consumer interest. The third-party values can always be made to appear rational, and are often vigorously supported by the general public. As a result, innumerable laws and regulations are rapidly displacing the free decision o
49、f the individual in the market place, and the right of the consumer to choose increasingly becomes a mockery. F Risk is inherent in every consumer purchase. The efforts of man to eliminate risk in the market place are pointless because the reduction of one kind of risk must always be accompanied by a compensating increase in another kind of risk. The cost of protection is deprivation. We can, if we desire, achieve a high degree of auto safety by reducing speed; but society rejects the sacrifice and instead, with the safety b
