1、2013 年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析一、音标题1 Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find/faind/ beneath/bini:/empirical2 plagiarize3 compound4 finite5 clause6 phonemics7 threatened8 epiphenomenon9 beta10 genetic二、填空题11 _means that human langua
2、ges enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.12 _ are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.13 The systematic
3、study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called _, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.14 Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, _, substitution, etc.15
4、 American Structuralism is a branch of_linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.16 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as _.17 _found that Q-bas
5、ed implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.18 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of_19 D
6、uring the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a _ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.20 In cognitive terms, _ is the use of elements of subjects situatedness to designate something in the scene.21 According to _(1996), the sp
7、eech presentation continuum may have the following possibilities; direct speech, indirect speech, narrators representation of speech acts and narrators representation of speech.22 With the help of_ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area of example-based machine translation. The metho
8、d uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.23 In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and _ consonants.24 According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous_of ideati
9、onal, interpersonal, and textual meanings.25 According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the _ level.三、名词解释26 Recreational function27 Pharyngeal28 Loanshift29 Tree diagram30 Sense relations31 Scale schema32 Perlocutionary act33 Emoticons34 Linguisti
10、c determinism35 System of signs四、举例说明题36 Languages differ in their degrees of dependence on the morphological components.37 Chomskys Transformational-Generative Grammar has been challenged by a number of other approaches to language.38 Language learning can take place when the learner has enough acc
11、ess to input in the target language.五、简答题39 What is PowerPoint and why is it so important in language teaching?40 What aspects of language can one focus if one wants to analyze a novel or a story?41 To what extent can one say that a piece of classroom work can be regarded as a task in language teach
12、ing and learning?2013 年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析一、音标题1 【正确答案】 empirical【试题解析】 (考查语言的娱乐功能)2 【正确答案】 plagiarize 【试题解析】 (考查喉音)3 【正确答案】 compound 【试题解析】 (考查转移借词)4 【正确答案】 finite 【试题解析】 (考查树形图)5 【正确答案】 clause 【试题解析】 (考查词汇的涵义关系)6 【正确答案】 phonemics 【试题解析】 (考查标量图示)7 【正确答案】 threatened 【试题解析】 (考查取效行为)8 【正确答案】 epiphe
13、nomenon 【试题解析】 (考查表情符)9 【正确答案】 beta【试题解析】 (考查语言决定论)10 【正确答案】 genetic 【试题解析】 (考查语言的系统性)二、填空题11 【正确答案】 Displacement【试题解析】 (考查语言的移位性)语言的移位性指人类语言可以让说话人来表示在说话当时当地并不存在的物体、事件和观点。12 【正确答案】 Consonants【试题解析】 (考查辅音的定义)声道的某些部位受到挤压或阻碍后，使气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻挡，由此产生辅音。13 【正确答案】 morphology【试题解析】 (考查形态学的定义)形态学研究词语的内部结构和构
14、词规则。14 【正确答案】 reference【试题解析】 (考查照应的定义)英语语篇中的衔接手段包括连接、省略、词汇衔接、词汇重复、照应、替代等。15 【正确答案】 synchronic【试题解析】 (考查美国结构主义)美国结构主义是共时语言学的一个分支，独立地诞生于二十世纪初的美国。16 【正确答案】 interlanguage【试题解析】 (考查中介语的定义)中介语是指仍处于语言学习过程中的第二语言或者外语学习者所构建的语言。17 【正确答案】 Laurence Horn【试题解析】 (考查荷恩提出的数量原则和关系原则)荷恩(Laurence Horn)发现，基于 Q 原则的含义可以通过
15、元语言否定来取消，因为它不影响所说的内容；基于R 原则的含义则不能。18 【正确答案】 compositionality【试题解析】 (考查组合原则)组合原则是指句子的意义由成分词的意义及其组合方式所决定。19 【正确答案】 monistic【试题解析】 (考查语言的一元性)在整个 20 世纪，人们将语言学视为一门独立的科学，追求其一元性和自治性，这种观点认为语言可以脱离社会背景而独立存在.20 【正确答案】 deixis【试题解析】 (考查指示语的定义)凡是用于特定语境中、具有指称功能的语言形式都可被称为指示语。21 【正确答案】 Short【试题解析】 (考查 short 对言语表达连续性
16、的观点)Short 认为言语表达的连续性有以下几种可能：直接言语(DS)、间接言语(IS)、叙述者对言语行为的表达(NRSA)、叙述者对言语的表达(NRS)。22 【正确答案】 corpus【试题解析】 (考查语料库语言学)语料库语言学指语言研究中运用语料库的原理和实践。机器翻译是基于例子的系统，说明大数量的语料与现存翻泽之间存在联系。23 【正确答案】 non-pulmonic【试题解析】 (考查国际音标图的分类)国际音标图将语音分为元音和辅音，辅音又分为肺部气流辅音和非肺部气流辅音。24 【正确答案】 realisation【试题解析】 (考查子句)韩礼德(Halliday)认为，子句是概
17、念意义、人际意义和语篇意义同时实现的产物。25 【正确答案】 syntactic【试题解析】 (考查语言的任意性)对系统功能语言学家和美国功能语言学家来说，语言在句法上是非任意性的。三、名词解释26 【正确答案】 Recreational function refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a babys babbling or a chants chanting. The recreational function of a language is often overlooked bec
18、ause of its limitations in usefulness. However, no one can deny the enjoyment of language play.27 【正确答案】 Pharyngeal is made with the root of the tongue and the walls of the pharynx. There are few sounds at this place because of physiological difficulty. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal
19、 fricatives.28 【正确答案】 As one of the specific types of borrowing, loanshift refers to the process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native. For example, “bridge“ is an English word, but when it refers to a type of card game, the meaning was borrowed from the Italian ponte.29 【正确答案】 Tr
20、ee diagram refers to a diagram in which lines branch out from a central point or stem without forming any closed loops. It can be used in the Immediate Constituent Analysis of sentences.30 【正确答案】 Sense can be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another. There are generally three k
21、inds of sense relations, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation, or in other words, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.31 【正确答案】 Scale schema involves an increase or decrease of physical or metaphorical amount, and consists of any of the following:a closed-end or op
22、en-ended progression of amount, a position in the progression of amount, one or more norms of amount, a calibration of amount.32 【正确答案】 Perlocutionary act refers to the effect of an utterance on the hearer. In this sense, saying something can mean to do something. Whether or not these effects are in
23、tended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that speaker has performed.33 【正确答案】 Emoticon is a blend of emotion and icon, and it refers to any of several combination of symbols used in electronic mail and text messaging to indicate the state of mind of the writer, such as; -)to ex
24、press happiness.34 【正确答案】 Linguistic detenninism is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view the world is determined by the structure of their native language.35 【正确答案】 According to Saussure, language is a system of signs,
25、each of which consists of two parts; signified(concept)and signifier(sound image), and the relationship between the two parts is arbitrary. To explain individual signs, one must try to find the value of a sign from its relations to others, or rather, its position in the system. The two principal typ
26、es of relations are syntagmatic and paradigmatic.四、举例说明题36 【正确答案】 “Morphological component“ belongs to morphology, which is concerned with the internal structure of words. It studies morphemes and word-formation processes. Morpheme is the basic and minimal unit of meaning.(3 points)Morphemes serve d
27、ifferent purposes. Some derive new words by changing the meaning or the part of speech, others only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of a word.(2 points)Different language systems contain various morphemes and differ in their degrees of the dependence
28、on the morphological components in order to convey or change the meaning.(1 point)For example, in Latin, meaning is changed through the use of some morphological endings. In contrast, in English, word order is used more than morphological additions to convey much of the meaning of the utterance.(2 p
29、oints)For instance, “The dog sees the rabbit“. If we change the order of the words and get “The rabbit sees the dog“ , the meaning of the sentence changes. But in Latin, “ dog“ and “ rabbit“ take on some morphological endings depending on whether they are subject or object of the sentence, and can t
30、herefore change places without affecting the meaning of the sentence.(2 points)【试题解析】 考查对语素及其作用的理解。“语言对语素的依赖”应理解为“语言的意义通过语素的变化而改变”。语素是语言最基本的、最小的意义单位。同种语言中不同语素的功能不同。有些语素可以通过改变词义或词类生成新词，有些则可以修饰限定已存在的词义或为其增添语法信息。不同语言的意义表达对语素的依赖程度也不同。例如，拉丁语的语义随词尾语素的改变而变化，而英语则更多的是通过语序来传达意义。37 【正确答案】 Although Chomskys Tra
31、nsformational-Generative Grammar(TG Grammar)is dominant in the American linguistic scholarship, it is still challenged by a number of rebels, such as Fillmores Case Grammar and Generative Semantics.Case Grammar is a type of generative approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence
32、. It is a “substantive modification“ to TG Grammar. The Case Grammar takes the verb as the most important part of the sentence, marking the relationships between the verb with various noun phrases as “ cases“ .(2 points)Fillmores argument is based on the assumptions that syntax should be central in
33、the determination of case and that covert categories are important. The various ways in which cases occur in simple sentences define sentence types and verb types of a language.(1 point)Case grammar modified transformational grammar. Chomskys model was unable to account for the functions of the item
34、s in the clause as well as for their categories. But Case Grammar solved this problem by analyzing the underlying syntactic structure of prepositional phrase and clause in terms of case markers and case symbols.(2 points)Generative Semantics considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic
35、 structure, which was developed as a reaction to Chomskys syntactic-based TG Grammar.(1 point)Linguists working within this theory hold that there is no principled distinction between syntactic processes and semantic processes. This notion was accompanied by a number of subsidiary hypotheses. First,
36、 the purely syntactic level of deep structure posited by Chomskys Aspects of the Theory of Syntax cannot exist. Second, the initial representations of derivations are logical representations identical from language to language. Third, all aspects of meaning are representable in phrasemarker form.(3
37、points)One of the advantages of Generative Semantics over TG Grammar is that it started an intensive investigation of syntactic phenomena which defied formalization by means of transformational rules.(1 point)【试题解析】 考查对格语法和生成语义学的理解和概括。考生应注意二者与转换生成语法之间的关系。格语法也认为句法是核心，是对转换生成语法的修正，它把动词作为句子最重要的部分，将动词和名词
38、短语的各种关系定义为“格”。而生成语义学则反对以句法中心，认为所有句子都是从语义结构生成的，且句法过程和语义过程之间没有原则性的区别。二者相对于转换生成语法都有各自的优势。38 【正确答案】 The input for language learning may come in written or spoken form. In the case of spoken input, it may occur in the context of interaction(i. e. the learners attempts to converse with a native speaker, a
39、 teacher, or another learner)or in the context of non-reciprocal discourse(for example, listen to the radio or see a film).(2 points)However, views diverge greatly when it comes to what kind of input should be provided for language learners.(l)Those who have more faith in meaning-oriented language i
40、nstruction insist on authentic input, which means that the input should be authentic and related to the real life.(2 points)(2)The input should be comprehensible if it is to have any effect on learning. According to the Input Hypothesis proposed by Krashen, learners acquire a language as a result of
41、 comprehending input addressed to them. Krashen put forward the concept of “ i + 1 “ principle, i. e. the language that learners are exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence that they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress.(3 points)(3)Optimal
42、input has been studied by many scholars, including “ pre-modified input“ and “interactively modified input“. “Pre-modified input“ is material that is finely tuned in advance to the learners current level, whereas “interactively modified input“ is material(usually the spoken discourse)that is modifie
43、d when the teacher and the learners interact. Interactively modified input is proved, to be more efficient in language learning.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查对语言输入和语言学习之间的关系的理解。输人可以是口头语言也可以是书面语言，前者可在交互活动或没有交互的语境中出现。目前，针对语言学习者应该接受何种输入，有三种观点：(1)应该给语言学习者们提供原汁原味的真实语言输入；(2)应该给语言学习者提供易于理解的输入；(3)应该给语言学习者提供最理想的输入，包括预先
44、调整的输入和交互调整的输入。五、简答题39 【正确答案】 PowerPoint is a software used to write outlines or create the presentation visuals on the slides. PowerPoint text has been broadly understood as the product created visually, graphically, acoustically, or audio-visually upon a common theme.(4 points)PowerPoint is importa
45、nt in language teaching for the following reasons;(1)PowerPoint is vivid and direct, and it is conducive to arouse students interest of learning a language. For example, when teaching the new words, the teacher could ask the students to describe the pictures in the PowerPoint with the new words. In
46、that way, the students would be willing to take part in the classroom activities.(5 points)(2)Pictures, sounds and other materials can be inserted into the PowerPoint to construct the real situation, so that the communicative competence of the students can be increased.(3 points)(3)By using PowerPoi
47、nt, the amount of the information in class will be enhanced with the time of the traditional blackboard writing saved, which is helpful to improve the teaching efficiency.(3 points)【试题解析】 考查电子幻灯片(PowerPoint)在语言教学中的重要作用。幻灯片有三重定义，即作为工具的制作软件、作为语篇的演示文稿和作为语篇类型的演示方式。幻灯片在语言教学中有重要作用，例如：有助于激发学生学习语言的兴趣，并调动其积极
48、性；省去了教师板书的时间，有助于提高教学效率等等。40 【正确答案】 When analyzing the the language of a novel or a story, one should pay attention to the language features related to authorial style and text style. Authorial style refers to the “world view“ kind of authorial style, which distinguishes one authors writing from that
49、 of others and is recognizable across a range of texts written by the same writer. Text style looks closely at how linguistic choices help to construct textual meaning.(5 points)Thus we need to examine linguistic choices which are intrinsically connected with meaning and effect on the reader. The following aspects of language should be focused on;(1)Patterns of lexis(vocabulary);(1 point)(2)Patterns of grammatical organization;(1 point)(3)Patterns of textual organization(how the units of te
