1、考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷 26 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 Ronald P. Rohner of the University of Connecticut has spent some years looking at the consequences for children and teenagers of being either accepted or rejected by their parents. He thinks that parental acceptance influences important aspects of personal
2、ity. Children who are accepted by their parents are independent and emotionally stable, have strong self-esteem and hold a positive worldview. Those who feel they were rejected show the oppositehostility, feelings of inadequacy, instability and a negative worldview. Rohner and his assistant Hillary
3、Allen analyzed data from 36 studies on parental acceptance and rejection and found that they supported his theory. Acceptance both by mother and father was associated with these personality characteristics: A fathers love and acceptance are, in this regard, at least as important as a mothers love an
4、d acceptance. That is not necessarily good news for fathersit increases the demands on them to get this right. “The great emphasis on mothers and mothering in America has led to an inappropriate tendency to blame mothers for childrens behavior problems and maladjustment when, in fact, fathers are of
5、ten more implicated than mothers in the development of problems such as these,“ Allen says. Empathy is another characteristic that we hope teenagers will develop, and fathers seem to have a surprisingly important role here, too. Richard Koestner, a psychologist at McGill University, looked back at 7
6、5 men and women who had been part of a study at Yale University in the 1950s, when they were children. When Koestner and his colleagues examined all the factors in the childrens lives that might have affected how empathetic they became as adults, one factor dwarfed all othershow much time their fath
7、ers spent with them. “We were amazed to find that how affectionate parents were with their children made no difference in empathy,“ Koestner says. “And we were astounded at how strong the fathers influence was.“ Melanie Horn Mailers, a psychologist at California State University, also found that son
8、s who have fond memories of their fathers were more able to handle the day-to-day stresses of adulthood. Around the same time, a team at the University of Toronto put adults in a functional MRI scanner to assess their reactions to their parents faces. Mothers faces triggered off more activity in sev
9、eral parts of the brain, including some associated with face processing. The faces of fathers, in contrast, triggered off activity in the caudate, a structure associated with feelings of love. The evidence shows that fathers make unique contributions to their children. It definitely does not show th
10、at children in families without fathers in the home are doomed to failure or anything close to that. Although fathers matter, others can help fill that role. We all know children who grew up in difficult circumstances but now live rich and rewarding lives. Not all of them grow up to be the president
11、 of the United States, but Barack Obama is an example of what can be achieved by a child who grew up without a father but managed to overcome it. Fatherhood is about helping children become happy and healthy adults, at ease in the world, and prepared to become fathers (or mothers) themselves. We oft
12、en say that doing what is best for our kids is the most important thing we do. The new attention to fathers should help all of us find our way. 5 A. UniquenessB. AttentivenessC. CommunicationD. PersonalizationE. AppreciationF. RecognitionG. ConsiderationIt is often the little details that customers
13、recall even more than the product they purchased or the service they received. Little details that customers notice, and that makes them feel good about not only making the purchase, but making the purchase from you, is a significant part of the overall customer experience. Here are several ways to
14、go above and beyond good customer service and boost customer loyalty.【R1 】_New York restaurant owner Danny Meyer is a master of detail, and his employees are trained to notice, and when appropriate act on, even the tiniest scraps of information they observe or discover about a guest. If you happen t
15、o mention when making a reservation that its a birthday dinner, the manager will make it a point to come to the table and extend Dannys birthday wishes to the appropriate person.【R2 】_Greeting your customer by name is a very meaningful and treasured detail that adds greatly to the way they experienc
16、e doing business with you. If your office works by appointment, the receptionist should make sure she knows just who will be walking in the door next, and immediately greet them with eye contact, a smile and “Good morning, are you Mr. Morgan?“ if she isnt sure if its Mr. Morgan, or simply, “Good mor
17、ning Mr. Morgan“ if he is.【R3 】_Dont we all have a story about the coffee shop waitress who doesnt ever need to be told how we like our iced tea, or the diner where the cook starts to make the same thing you always order the minute he sees you walk in the door? The salesperson who sends gifts in pin
18、k because she remembers thats your favorite color. These experiences add value, and they also instill an enormous amount of loyalty. Is there anything you and your staff can do to ensure your customers know that you not only pay attention to their preferences, but remember them and cater to them for
19、 each and every transaction?【R4 】_When customers buy something that includes an outside component thats integral to its use or makes it more user-friendly, do you ask if they have that thing or if they still have enough of it left? For example, if you sell birthday cakes, do you have candles to go w
20、ith it? If you have a pediatric dental practice, do you have a little stepstool in the bathroom so the child can reach the sink?【R5 】_What do you do to show your customers, your clients or your patients that you appreciate them? After all, there are probably several other businesses that do what you
21、 do. Feeling appreciated is an experience that is universally meaningful. Always be sure to let your customers know that you are extending this extra to them because they are a valued customer and you want to show them that you appreciate them.Meaningful, memorable, fun, unusual and unexpected exper
22、iences influence the way customers perceive you in general and feel about you in particular. These little details are so easy to overlook, so tempting to brush off as unimportant But add a number of seemingly minor details together, and you end up with something of far more value than you would with
23、out them.6 【R1 】7 【R2 】8 【R3 】9 【R4 】10 【R5 】10 Sugar poses enough health risks that it should be considered a controlled substance just like alcohol and tobacco, argue a team of researchers from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). In an opinion piece called “The Toxic Truth About Su
24、gar“ published in Nature, and the author Claire Brindis argues that its wrong to consider sugar just “empty calories.“ She writes: “There is nothing empty about these calories. A growing body of scientific evidence is showing that sugar can trigger processes that lead to liver toxicity and a host of
25、 other chronic diseases. A little is not a problem, but a lot killsslowly.“ Almost everyones heard ofor personally experiencedthe well-known sugar high, so perhaps the comparison between sugar and alcohol or tobacco shouldnt come as a surprise. But its doubtful that Americans will look favorably upo
26、n regulating their favorite vice. Were a nation thats sweet on sugar the average U.S. adult downs 22 teaspoons of sugar a day, according to the American Heart Association, and surveys have found that teens swallow 34 teaspoons. To counter our consumption, the author advocates taxing sugary foods and
27、 controlling sales to kids under 17. Already, 17% of U.S. children and teens are obese, and across the world the sugar intake has increased three times in the past 50 years. The increase has helped create a global obesity plague that contributes to 35 million annual deaths worldwide from noninfectio
28、us diseases including cancer, heart disease and diabetes. Linda Matzigkeit, a senior vice president at Childrens Healthcare, said “We have to do something about this or our country is in danger. Its not good if your state has the second-highest obesity rate. Obese children turn into obese adults.“ “
29、There are good calories and bad calories, just as there are good fats and bad fats,“ Robert Lustig, director of the Weight Assessment for Teen and Child Health program at UCSF, said in a statement. “But sugar is toxic beyond its calories.“ The food industry tries to imply that “a calorie is a calori
30、e,“ says Kelly Brownell, director of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University. “But this and other research suggests there is something different about sugar,“ says Brownell. The UCSF report emphasizes the metabolic effects of sugar. Excess sugar can alter metabolism, raise blo
31、od pressure, affect the signaling of hormones and damage the liveroutcomes that sound suspiciously similar to what can happen after a person drinks too much alcohol. Laura Schmidt, co-chair of UCSFs Community Engagement and Health Policy program, noted: “When you think about it, this actually makes
32、a lot of sense. Alcohol, after all, is simply made from sugar. Where does vodka come from? Sugar.“ But there are also other areas of impact that researchers have investigated: the effect of sugar on the brain and how liquid calories are interpreted differently by the body than solids. Research has s
33、uggested that sugar activates the same reward pathways in the brain as traditional drugs of abuse like morphine or heroin. No one is claiming the effect of sugar is quite that strong, but, says Brownell, “it helps confirm what people tell you sometimes, that they hunger for sugar and have withdrawal
34、 symptoms when they stop eating it.“ Theres also something particularly tricky about sugary drinks. “When calories come in liquids, the body doesnt feel as full,“ says Lustig. “People are getting more of their calories than ever before from sugared drinks.“ 15 The Marist poll found that while 65% of
35、 people who made a resolution in the New Year kept their promise for at least part of the year, 35% never even made it out of the gate. Indeed, when you wake up on the first day of a new yearor decaderesolutions to “cut back“ and “moderate“ seem both an excellent idea and an impossibly vague dream.
36、But consider this: if hard-core addicts can break bad habits, theres still hope for you. Theres a lot you can learn from people who have successfully moderated their habits to help keep you off the resolution merry-go-round. “The most important thing is to be honest with yourself,“ says Howard Josep
37、her, a former heroin addict and president of Exponents Inc. “You need to know the difference between enjoying yourself and self-deceiving. Its not that self-deceiving is necessarily badbut you should give yourself parameters. If you are adhering to them, OK. If not, you need to check yourself.“ Succ
38、essful controllers decide in advance how much is “too much“and stick to their limit, no matter what. Have a cookie a day, if thats what youve deemed acceptable. But if you “cheat“ by having “just one more,“ know that you are only cheating yourself and aggravating the problem, he says. The point is t
39、o learn how to hold yourself accountable. “Theoretically, there are very good reasons to take a break from a behavior, totally,“ says Reid Hester, director of research at Behavior Therapy Associates, explaining that an initial period of complete prohibition can make it easier for people to moderate
40、behavior, by eliminating the habitual, automatic aspect of the unwanted activity. Take a cue from the self-help group Moderation Management, which advises problem drinkers to give up completely for a month before attempting moderate drinking. The best way to stay on course is frequent self-monitorin
41、g; use as many behavior-modification tools, support groups and programs as you can. “Between stimulus and response, theres a space, and in that space is our power to choose our response, and in our response lies our growth and freedom,“ says Alan Marlatt, director of the Addictive Behaviors Research
42、 Center at the University of Washington, quoting author and Holocaust survivor Victor Frankl. Marlatt says, “Mindfulness gets you into that space.“ Being mindful may involve traditional meditation, in which you sit quietly and observe your thoughts and breathing without judgment. But here, it is als
43、o used to focus awareness on thoughts and feelings that lead to unwanted behavior. Simply recognizing the triggers to return can help you choose not to give into them. Research shows that in the long term, the pleasure of victory is a better incentive than the pain of defeat. “Punishment is a poor m
44、otivator,“ says Hester. “It sets people up for failure. If all you do is punish yourself for failure, you wont stay motivated to change for very long.“ Instead, reward yourself for sticking to your limits and focus on the benefits of changing. Consciously and unconsciously, people tend to imitate th
45、ose around them. Thats why the latest research shows that things like happiness, quitting smoking and obesity can spread like a contagious disease through social networks. So, surround yourself with friends who can also be role models. “Make sure that people you hang out with are people who look and
46、 act the way you would like to. Social imitation is the easiest form not only of flattery but of self-improvement,“ says Stanton Peele, author of Seven Tools to Beat Addiction. 考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷 26 答案与解析Part B (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读 B 节1 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 第一段首句提到 Ronald PRohner 花费几年时间观察孩子得到父母认同或未得到父母认同的后果，第
47、二句指出其研究结果，即父母的认可能够影响到孩子人格的重要方面。D 项复现了原文的关键词 parental acceptance，important personality，所述与原文相符，故为答案。第二段讲述Rohner 及其助手分析数据的结果，各选项并没有出现相关内容。【知识模块】 阅读 B 节2 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 第二段最后一句引用 Allen 的话指出，美国往往倾向于因为孩子的行为问题或对环境的不适应而责怪孩子的母亲，而这种倾向是不恰当的(inappropriate)，父亲也是有责任的，文中内容与 A 项一致。【知识模块】 阅读 B 节3 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 第三段
48、首句是该段的主题句，该句指出父亲对培养孩子的同情心起到重要作用，下文 Richard Koestner 的研究也证明了这一点，末尾更提到，父亲对其同情心的影响又令他感到震惊，F 项所述与此相符。【知识模块】 阅读 B 节4 【正确答案】 G【试题解析】 第四段首句表明那些对父亲有着美好记忆的孩子，能更好地处理成人所面临的日常压力，G 项中 favorable memory 对应原文的 fond memories，daily stress 则对应 day-to-day stresses，故 G 为本题答案。【知识模块】 阅读 B 节5 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 第五段第二句是该段的主题句，指
49、出，家中没有父亲，孩子并不会就此注定失败或者接近失败，最后一句用奥巴马作为例子说明这一点。B 项所述与最后一句相符，也与该段第二句所说一致，故 B 为本题答案。【知识模块】 阅读 B 节【知识模块】 阅读 B 节6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 本段的关键词在于 trained to noticeeven the tiniest scraps of information“训练去注意每一个细节”，在最后则提到，顾客不经意透露的一个细节也会被餐厅的员工抓住，故本段是在提醒要处处留心细节，B 项 Attentiveness与 attention 是同根词，是其形容词 attentive“注意的，留意的 ”的名词形式，意指“注意”，与本段主题“处处留心”对应。【知识模块】 阅读 B 节7 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 本段的关键词是 Greeting your customer by name“叫出顾客的名字”，F 项 Recognition 是 recognize“认出，辩认出”的名词形式，放在此可指“认出”顾客，与本段主题相符，故为答案。【知识模块】 阅读 B 节8 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 本段提到的一些服务，如，知道顾客喜欢什么样
