1、考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷 16 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Why is it that most of us can remember our precise surroundings the moment that we first learned of John Fitzgerald Kennedys assassination, the Challeng
2、er explosion or the fall of the Twin Towers, but not say, what grocery aisle we were standing in when the phone call came to remind us to pick up milk? What is it about the timingor more specifically, the coincidence with intense experiencethat seals in visual memories more effectively? Thats the qu
3、estion that a new study from psychologists at the University of Washington set out to answer.The study, published online recently in the open-access journal PLoS Biology included a series of four experiments. In each experiment, which included distinct participants, Jeffrey Y. Lin and colleagues sho
4、wed study subjects 16 photographs depicting familiar landscapes. The first time, participants merely looked at the images; the second time, they were also asked to focus on a number shown in the middle of the image; the third time, they also had to make note of an auditory cue as they looked at the
5、images; and finally, they were shown images with a number in the middle, but told to ignore the number and focus only on the scene depicted.Researchers found that, when shown an image later and asked to recall if it had been among those theyd already seen, subjects memory formation was consistently
6、best when they had also been trying to concentrate on another task in both the second and third experiments, which involved viewing numbers or hearing audio tones while the images were presented, subjects formed clearer memories than in the first experimentwhen they were simply instructed to look at
7、 the photosand than in the fourth experimentwhen they were shown numbers in the center of photos, but told to ignore them and focus on the images themselves.The findings suggest that it isnt the novelty of what were seeing, but the experience that we are having while we look at something, that deter
8、mines how well we store it away in our memories. Or, as the authors phrase it, the study results provide “evidence of a mechanism where traces of a visual scene are automatically encoded into memory at behaviorally relevant points in time regardless of the spatial focus of attention.“ When it comes
9、to making memories, timing is of the essence.1 The questions at the beginning of the text are intended to _.（A）describe a confusing phenomenon（B） show the complexity of our memory（C） draw forth the topic of this text（D）support the argument of the author2 Which of the followings is true of the study
10、mentioned in this text?（A）It was conducted by some anthropologists.（B） It studied the steps of memory formation.（C） Its conclusion was based on several experiments.（D）Its findings overturned many previous researches.3 The study shows that people remember a thing better when they_（A）concentrate on ot
11、her things meanwhile（B） strive to remember that thing（C） are strongly attracted by it（D）repeat it constantly in mind4 It is implied in Paragraph 4 that how well the memory is stored depends on _.（A）timing of the thing（B） the level of newness of the thing（C） the related experience to the thing（D）the
12、traces of the visual scene5 Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?（A）Timing is critical to memory formation.（B） Memory can be manipulated for our good.（C） People tend to remember big events better.（D）Its better to remember two things than one.5 Encouragement and praise
13、 can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward c
14、hallenges later in life.Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like “Youre a good boy.“ The study, w
15、hich appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and childhood development done outside of a lab setting.In the study, researches found that the children who grew up with more process praise (comments such as “You worked really hard“ or “Youre doing a great job,“ whi
16、ch emphasize the childs actions.) were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say that they could improve their intelligence with hard work. While person praise (comments like “Youre so smart“ or “Youre so good,“ wh
17、ich focus on a childs inherent qualities.) didnt seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed and improved, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and therefor
18、e not easily altered.“This study is monumental,“ says Carol Dweck, a co-author of the study and a professor at Stanford University whose earlier research laid the foundation for understanding the role of praise in child development.Another revelation from the study involved how praise affects boys a
19、nd girls differently. Parents gave boys and girls the same amount of praise, but of the encouragement boys received, 24% was process praise, while girls received only 10% of this type. Previous research suggested this pattern, but Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University,
20、 says she was surprised by how great the difference was. The inequality could have consequences for how girls evaluate their abilities as they progress in school and may play a role in aggravating some of the self-esteem issues that become more common among teens and adolescents.The findings send a
21、clear message to parents. “The biggest takeaway is that parent praise matters,“ Dweck says. “The parents, even when the children are very young, are starting to shape the childs motivation, the childrens attitudes toward themselves and their stance to the world.“ Not all praise, it seems, is equal.6
22、 It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that _.（A）the more praise children receive, the better（B） praise of different types has different effects（C） praise plays a major role in childhood development（D）praise can help children deal with hardship better7 We can infer from Paragraph 3 that _.
23、（A）children with more person praise develop better than otherwise（B） process praise is temporary while person praise is permanent（C） person praise like “you are so smart“ should be completely avoided（D）process praise has more positive effects on children than person praise8 Carol Dwecks attitude tow
24、ard the study is _.（A）skeptical（B） positive（C） cautious（D）objective9 According to Paragraph 5, which of the following is true of girls?（A）Girls receive more process praise than boys.（B） Most parents are usually prejudiced against girls.（C） Girls receive less process praise than boys.（D）The self-este
25、em issue is uncommon among girls.10 By saying “Not all praise, it seems, is equal“, the author implies that_.（A）there is a better way to praise children（B） inequality is very common in our society（C） parents should encourage and praise more（D）girls should be given more process praise10 What is the d
26、ifference between Joe Six-Pack, Joe the Plumber and Joe Biden? One is vice president; the other two are not. Why? The answer depends on a host of interactive variables that must be factored into any equation of success: genes, parents, brothers and sisters, peers, teachers, practice, drive, culture,
27、 timing, legacy and luck. The rub for the scientist is determining the percentage of influence of each variable and its interactions, which requires sophisticated statistical models.Journalists, who are unrestricted by research terms, very quickly produce large quantities of self-help books that foc
28、us on select variables that interest them. Few do so better than Malcolm Gladwell, and in his book Outliers: The Story of Success, the New Yorker writer claims that successful people are not “self-made“ but instead “are invariably the beneficiaries of hidden advantages and extraordinary opportunitie
29、s and cultural legacies that allow them to learn and work hard and make sense of the world in ways others cannot.“Bill Gates, for example, may be smart, but Gladwell prefers to emphasize the fact that Gatess wealthy parents sent him to a private school that had a computer club with a teletype time-s
30、haring terminal with a direct link to a mainframe computer in Seattle, and in 1968 this was very unusual. His good fortune to be born in the mid-1950s also meant that Gates came of age when the computer industry was ready to have someone of his experience start a software company.Similarly, Gladwell
31、 says, Mozarts father was a composer who mentored the young Wolfgang into greatness from age six until his early 20s, when his compositions changed from pleasantly melodious into masterful. The Beatles lucky break came in Hamburg, Germany, where they were able to log in more than 1,200 live performa
32、nces and thereby meet the well-known 10,000-hour rule for perfecting a profession. Asian wonder children are the product of “the tradition of wet-rice agriculture“ that must be practiced year-round and that requires “the highest emphasis on effort and hard work,“ and thats why they study all summer
33、while American students go to the mall.Such geniuses, Gladwell says, “are products of history and community, of opportunity and legacy. Their success is not exceptional or mysterious. It is grounded in a web of advantages and inheritances, some deserved, some not, some earned, some just plain lucky
34、but all critical to making them who they are.“11 By asking two questions at the beginning of the text, the author intends to _.（A）show different achievements of different Joes（B） introduce the contributory factors of success（C） introduce a study on determinants of success（D）discuss the difficulty of
35、 success for the ordinary12 According to Paragraph 2, Gladwell believes that_.（A）journalists abide by research result accurately（B） many external factors contribute to success（C） journalists are interested in self-help books（D）people succeed through their own efforts13 According to Gladwell, which o
36、f the following is true of Gates?（A）His great success is due to his own talent.（B） His birth time partly contributes to his success.（C） His interest in software made him succeed.（D）He is fortunate to receive unusual education.14 We may learn from Paragraph 4 that_.（A）geniuses work less harder than t
37、he ordinary（B） musicians success is due to talent mostly（C） many factors help geniuses become successful（D）Asians work less harder than Americans15 The web of advantages and inheritances are _.（A）the foundation of success（B） peculiar to geniuses（C） less important to geniuses（D）possessed by everyone1
38、5 “I believe in equality for everyone, except reporters and photographers,“ Mahatma Gandhi once said. Journalist-haters like him might not care about the agony of Americas news firms, but many Americans do. Nearly a third of them say they have abandoned a news source because they thought the quality
39、 of its information was declining.According to “The State of the News Media 2013“, a report by the Project for Excellence in Journalism at the Pew Research Centre, the deteriorating financial state of news organizations has hurt their output. Newspaper staffs have shrunk by around 30% since their pe
40、ak in 1989, and newspapers collectively now employ fewer than 40,000 full-time professionals, the lowest number since the mid-1970s.Americans who think media firms are putting out fewer original, thoughtful stories are probably right. Weather, traffic and sport now account for around 40% of local te
41、levision newscasts. The average length of a story keeps falling. Only 20% of local TV stories exceed a minute, and half take less than 30 seconds.On cable-news channels, live reports, which require camera crews and journalists actually to show up somewhere, have fallen by a third in daytime programs
42、 in the past five years. Interview segments, which are cheap, have risen. Americans may also prefer talking heads because they increasingly prefer to hear opinion rather than fact. This trend is highlighted by the popularity of Fox, a conservative news network, and of MSNBC, its left-leaning counter
43、part. CNN, which tends to toe the middle line, continues to struggle with its ratings unless there is a big news event.Where is the good news? Last year local TV stations, especially those in swing states like Florida and Ohio, got a welcome boost from the $3 billion spent on TV advertising during t
44、he election. And newspapers are now starting in large numbers to demand payment for their digital content. Pew reckons that around a third of Americas 1,380 dailies have started (or will soon launch) paywalls, inspired by the success of the New York Times, where 640,000 subscribers get the digital e
45、dition and circulation now accounts for a larger portion of revenues than advertising.Boosting circulation revenue will help stem losses from print advertising, since it has become clear that digital advertising will not be enough. For every $16 lost in print advertising last year, newspapers made o
46、nly around $1 from digital ads. The bulk of the $37.3 billion spent on digital advertising in 2012 went to five firms: Google, Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and AOL. Not much Gandhian equality there.16 The decline of newspapers information quality is mainly caused by _.（A）financial downturn of news gro
47、ups（B） a shortage of talented staffs（C） decrease in newspaper readers（D）increasing number of journalist-haters17 According to Paragraph 4, which of the following is true of cable-news channels?（A）Live reports have fallen to a third during the past 5 years.（B） Talking programs are popular since they
48、deliver opinions.（C） CNN wins the highest ratings when a big event takes place.（D）Fox and MSNBC present opposite political standpoints at any news.18 It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that in the future _.（A）more dailies will charge for the digital news（B） swing states will enjoy higher advertisin
49、g profits（C） the New York Times will win the most subscribers（D）circulation will account for the largest portion of revenue19 By saying “Not much Gandhian equality there“ (Para. 6), the author implies that .（A）reporters and photographers should not be treated as equal as everyone（B） the money lost in print advertising is not equal to that in digital ads（C） the bulk of money spent on digital ads is not equally earned by all firms（D）the five big companies turn out to be the Gandhian journalist-haters20 Which
