1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 125 及答案与解析Grammar1 If you smoke in a non-smoking section, people_ .（A）have objected（B） objected（C） must object（D）will object2 Not until the game had begun_at the sports ground.（A）should he have arrived（B） had he arrived（C） did he arrive（D）would he had arrived3 Everything_remains can be d
2、ivided between you.（A）that（B） what（C） which（D）whose4 I dont know why she is looking at me_she knew me. Ive never seen her before.（A）as（B） as if（C） even if（D）although5 They were expected to be models of virtue, honoured as_for their character as for their learning.（A）much（B） more（C） great（D）many6 Now
3、here in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always_with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.（A）combine（B） combined（C） being combined（D）having combined7 _for many years, the novelist suddenly became famous.（A）Having ignored him（B） To be ignored（C） Having been ignored（D）To have been igno
4、red8 Whats the chance of_a general election this year?（A）there being（B） there to be（C） there be（D）there going to be9 _, the story of Snow White appeals to many adult readers, too.（A）Though it written for children（B） Though written for children（C） Though for children written（D）It was written for chil
5、dren10 It is necessary that an efficient worker_his work on time.（A）accomplish（B） accomplishes（C） can accomplish（D）has accomplishedPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)10 Fat Question and Reference Point of the Uni
6、ted StatesIn late June the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention launched its LEAN Works Web site, a clearinghouse of information on the health costs of employing fat people replete with recommendations on how to prevent and control obesity. The site uses an “ obesity cost calculator“ to determ
7、ine the added price of employing somebody with a body-mass index (BMI) of over 30, the threshold for obesity. The calculator asks employers to fill out a company profile including type of industry and location, employees BMIs, and their wages and benefits. The software then estimates the “ costs for
8、 medical expenditures and the dollar value of increased absenteeism resulting from obesity“.But is the federal governments endorsement of a device that essentially demo-nizes the 72 million Americans who fit the official definition of obese justified by the science? Dr. William Dietz, director of th
9、e CDCs Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, defends the site as one weapon in the larger war on fat. “ We see this epidemic as a serious threat to health and serious medical cost,“ Dietz says. “We didnt feel like we could wait for the best possible evidence, so we acted on the best
10、available evidence.“Other experts, however, say BMI is a crude tool that fans fears of an obesity epidemic even as it fails as a reliable measure of an individuals health. “We made everyone fat by framing! That is the real epidemic,“ says Paul Campos, a law professor at the University of Colorado wh
11、o coauthored a controversial study questioning whether obesity is a true health crisis or a moral panic.The American Heart Association lists obesity as major risk factor for heart disease because it raises blood pressure, increases “bad“ cholesterol while lowering “good“ cholesterol, and carries an
12、elevated risk of developing diabetes, itself a risk factor for heart disease. In addition, obesity has been linked to a wide range of health problems, including cancer, asthma, and sleep apnea.Nevertheless, its hardly clear that there actually is an obesity epidemic, or that fat people are at greate
13、r risk of death than people of normal weight, or that weight lossrelentlessly promoted by public-health officials as the solution to Americas weight problemis an attainable goal at all.When we talk about the obesity epidemic, its important to understand where the numbers come from. Most large-scale
14、evaluations of public fatnessincluding the CDCsemploy BMI, a calculation that uses an individuals height and weight to determine whether he or she is underweight (BMI less than 18. 5), normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9), overweight (BMI between 25 and 29. 9), or obese (BMI of 30 or higher). B
15、MI calculations can be famously ridiculousDallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romos BMI of 28.8 (hes 6 feet 2, 224 pounds) puts him at the upper end of the overweight category.11 The “obesity cost calculator“ needs you to offer the following information EXCEPT_.（A）your companys profile（B） your body-mass
16、 index（C） your medical expenditure（D）your wages and benefits12 According to the passage, Dr. William Dietz_.（A）is the creator of the obesity cost calculator（B） opposes the site as a weapon in the war on fat（C） doesnt accept the official definition of obesity（D）aims to deal with the threat to serious
17、 medical cost13 We can infer from the other experts views that_.（A）there is no reliable measure of peoples health（B） BMI may raise panic of an obesity epidemic（C） obesity should be treated only as a health crisis（D）health crisis caused by obesity is the real epidemic14 According to the American Hear
18、t Association, obesity_.（A）may lead to sleeping problems（B） decreases your blood pressure（C） certainly develops into diabetes（D）is helpful to prevent cancer15 We can conclude from the last two paragraphs that_.（A）fat people are at greater risk of diseases than others（B） weight loss is the best solut
19、ion to Americans weight problem（C） the generally used BMI calculation doesnt fit to all people（D）public health officials take BMI to solve the obesity problem15 Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments in ways that
20、 other animals cannot. However, a visit to the Monkey Sanctuary, near Looe in Cornwall, provided striking evidence of connections between monkey mother-child relations and that in humans.The monkeys there have usually been badly deprived of love or maltreated by humans. The scientists use their unde
21、rstanding and painstaking care to nurture the monkeys back to a more stable emotional state. As a review paper shows, there are important parallels between the impact of early maltreatment in other mammals and humans, and key implications for prevention of human emotional problems.The kind of early
22、care a monkey receives precisely predicts its brain chemistry and the kind of adult it will become. Rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers at birth and reared without an alternative parent, only with their peers until the age of six months, are more easily scared of strangers and unfamiliar exp
23、eriences than mother-reared ones.When threatened by social separation or isolation in later life, those monkeys separated from their mothers at birth have different brain and body chemistry. When they become mothers themselves, they are significantly more neglectful or abusive of their offspring tha
24、n those who were mother-reared, repeating the cycle of deprivation.The similarity in mothering across generations could be simply a genetic inheritance, but this has been disproved. The amount of contact with the particular daughter has been compared with the mothers average for all of her daughters
25、. A daughters subsequent mothering reflects her particular experience rather than the average for all of her sisters. The unique care received determines subsequent pattern of mothering, rather than a genetic tendency inherited from the mother.Another theory is that a genetically difficult baby coul
26、d make the mother uncaring. This was contradicted by a study of what are called highly reactive infant monkeysones that are very difficult to care for because they overreact to the slightest sound or movement.They were fostered out to either average mothers or exceptionally nurturing ones. The excep
27、tionally nurtured young monkeys grew up even more socially well-adjusted than normal infants fostered by average mothers. Nurture was so influential, in other words, that it could turn a difficult infant into a superior adult. Furthermore, when the generation of offspring in the study grew up and th
28、emselves had infants, their parenting style, whether exceptionally nurturing or average, exactly mirrored the kind of care they had received as infants. This was regardless of whether their original infant personality had been highly reactive or not.Much of what goes for monkeys seems to go for huma
29、ns too. Its a simple but important point: babies and toddlers need consistent loving care if they are to grow up secure and mentally healthy. Well-conceived and executed interventions that improve mother-infant relationships can make all the difference. 15 One of the great achievements of modern tim
30、es is that we have made society more fair. Sixty years ago, the upper classes were dominated by what E. Digby Baltzell called The Protestant Establishment and G. Wright Mills called The Power Elite. If your father went to Harvard, you had a 90 percent chance of getting in yourself, and the path upwa
31、rd from there was grooved in your favor. Since then, we have opened up opportunities for women, African-Americans, Hispanics and members of many other groups. Moreover, weve changed the criteria for success. It is less necessary to be sociable. It is more important to be smart and hardworking.Yet he
32、res the funny thing. As weve made our institutions more meritocratic, their public standing has declined drastically. Weve increased the diversity and talent level of people at the top of society, yet trust in elites has never been lower. Why has this happened?First, the meritocracy is based on an o
33、verly narrow definition of talent. Our system rewards those who can amass technical knowledge. But this skill is only marginally related to the skill of being sensitive to context. It is not related at all to skills like empathy. Over the past years, weve seen very smart people make mistakes because
34、 they didnt understand the context in which they were operating.Second, this new system has created new social gaps. In the old days, there were obviously big differences between people whose lives were defined by “The Philadelphia Story“ and those who were defined by “The Grapes of Wrath. “ But if
35、you ran the largest bank in Murfreesboro, Tenn. , you probably lived in Murfreesboro. Now you live in Charlotte or New York City. You might have married a secretary. Now you marry another banker. You would have had similar lifestyle habits as other people in town. Now the lifestyle patterns of the c
36、ollege-educated are very different from the patterns in other classes. Social attitudes are very different, too. It could be that Americans actually feel less connected to their leadership class now than they did then, with good reason.Third, time horizons have shrunk. If you were an old blue blood,
37、 you traced your lineage back centuries, and there was a decent chance that youd hand your company down to members of your clan. That subtly encouraged long-term thinking. Now people respond to ever-faster performance criteria - daily stock prices or tracking polls. This perversely encourages reckle
38、ss behavior. Theres less emphasis on steady, gradual change and more emphasis on the big swing. This produces more spectacular failures and more uncertainty. Many Americans, not caught up on the romance of this sort of heroism, are terrified.This is not to say that we should return to the days of th
39、e WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) ascendancy. Thats neither possible nor desirable. Rather, our system of promotion has grown some pretty serious problems, which are more evident with each passing day. 487 words16 Compared with the old days, the success of present Americans is more closely relat
40、ed to their_.（A）family background（B） education background（C） social skills（D）personal efforts17 The author might suggest that the promotion system should place more weight on peoples skills of_.（A）gaining others trust and respect（B） utilizing technical knowledge（C） being sensitive to circumstance（D）
41、avoiding mistakes18 “Good reason“ (Line 9, Para 4) might possibly refers to the widening social gaps in_.（A）living standards and lifestyle habits（B） lifestyle habits and social attitudes（C） education levels and social attitudes（D）living standards and education levels19 The leadership class are not t
42、rusted partly because the fact that_.（A）they interfere with company management（B） they overemphasize long-term thinking（C） they emphasize immediate interests（D）they fail to prove their courage20 The authors attitude to the new meritocracy can be described as_.（A）optimistic（B） sarcastic（C） worried（D）
43、pessimistic21 “It is an evil influence on the youth of our country“. A politician condemning video gaming? Actually, a clergyman denouncing rock and roll 50 years ago. But the sentiment could just as easily have been voiced by Hillary Clinton in the past few weeks, as she blamed video games for “a s
44、ilent epidemic of media desensitisation“ and “stealing the innocence of our children“.The gaming furor centers on “Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas“, a popular and notoriously violent cops and robbers game that turned out to contain hidden sex scenes that could be unlocked using a patch downloaded from
45、 the internet. The resulting outcry (mostly from Democratic politicians playing to the centre) caused the games rating in America to be changed from “mature“, which means you have to be 17 to buy it, to “adults only“, which means you have to be 18, but also means that big retailers such as Wal-Mart
46、will not stock it. As a result the game has been banned in Australia; and, this autumn, Americas Federal Trade Commission will investigate the complaints. That will give gamings opponents an opportunity to vent their wrath on the industry.Skepticism of new media is a tradition with deep roots, going
47、 back at least as far as Socrates objections to written texts, outlined in Platos Phaedrus. Socrates worried that relying on written texts, rather than the oral tradition, would “create forgetfulness in the learners souls, because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external wri
48、tten characters and not remember of themselves“. (He also objected that a written version of a speech was no substitute for the ability to interrogate the speaker, since, when questioned, the text “always gives one unvarying answer“. His objection, in short, was that books were not interactive. Perh
49、aps Socrates would have thought more highly of video games.)Novels were once considered too low-brow for university literature courses, but eventually the disapproving professors retired. Waltz music and dancing were condemned in the 19th century; all that twirling was thought to be “intoxicating“ and “depraved“, and the music was outlawed in some places. Today it is hard to imagine what the fuss was about. And rock and roll was thoug
