1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 170 及答案与解析一、Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 0 Guidelines for food labelling are made with good intentions, but they end up leaving consumers baffled by ambiguous marketing rath
2、er than giving them the facts. Eating【 B1】_has never been especially easy, but【B2】_the rules were straightforward: cut down on fat, get most calories from carbs and eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day.In recent years, though, those simple rules have become more【B3】_Saturated fat, for exa
3、mple, may not be as【B4】_as we once thought. Avoiding it may drive us to【 B5】_eat more sugar. Amid the【B6】_there was always the five-a-day rule to【B7】_back on. But even that is now being sliced, diced and mashed. A long and deliberate process of “ de-bittering“ has made fruit and veg tastier, but str
4、ipped them【B8】_some of their most valuable【B9】_They are still a healthy option, but may be less so than we have been led to believe.It is easy, but【B10 】_, to blame the food industry. Growers and retailers are only【B11 】_to consumer demand. But how many consumers have heard of de-bittering? Can you
5、demand something you dont know about? The real【B12】_is a lack of reliable information,【B13】_by well-meaning but counterproductive rules on food labelling.This problem is exposed【B14 】_what happens when the industry【B15】_a variety such as Beneforte broccoli, bred to be high in a nutrient with proven
6、anticancer【B16】_But when retailers want to【B17】_this fact, they find their hands are tied.【B18】_giving evidence-based information, they have to use science-lite slogans such as “Naturally high in the plant nutrients, glucosinolates, with an exquisite sweet flavour. “ That is the worst of all worlds,
7、【B19】_healthfulness with sweetnessthe opposite of what is going on in other fruit and veg. Food labelling rules are guided by the belief that consumers are incapable of understanding nuanced【B20】_information. That is patronising and past its sell-by date.1 【B1 】（A）healthily（B） hastily（C） heartily（D）
8、heavily2 【B2 】（A）at most（B） at last（C） at least（D）at once3 【B3 】（A）common（B） correlative（C） complicated（D）communicative4 【B4 】（A）unwholesome（B） unhygienic（C） underlined（D）unimportant5 【B5 】（A）unfailingly（B） unwittingly（C） unplugged（D）unpalatably6 【B6 】（A）confusion（B） construction（C） constitution（D）c
9、onfrontation7 【B7 】（A）fall（B） turn（C） come（D）rely8 【B8 】（A）to（B） of（C） with（D）on9 【B9 】（A）nutrients（B） nutrition（C） nourishment（D）nutriment10 【B10 】（A）unusual（B） unfound（C） unfamiliar（D）unfair11 【B11 】（A）applying（B） repeating（C） responding（D）communicating12 【B12 】（A）culprit（B） obstacle（C） issue（D）li
10、ability13 【B13 】（A）funded（B） functioned（C） fuelled（D）frequented14 【B14 】（A）with（B） by（C） on（D）of15 【B15 】（A）introduces（B） integrates（C） entangles（D）interacts16 【B16 】（A）elements（B） properties（C） particles（D）cells17 【B17 】（A）deny（B） trumpet（C） hide（D）preach18 【B18 】（A）In line with（B） In comparison wi
11、th（C） Instead of（D）On behalf of19 【B19 】（A）comparing（B） separating（C） integrating（D）equating20 【B20 】（A）scientific（B） concrete（C） superstitious（D）superficialPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)20 “The concept of m
12、asculinity is becoming more elusive in society as gender roles blur, with more women taking management positions and becoming the major breadwinners for their families,“ said lead researcher Ekaterina Netchaeva, an assistant professor of management and technology at Bocconi University in Milan, Ital
13、y. “ Even men who support gender equality may see these advances as a threat to their masculinity, whether they consciously acknowledge it or not. “ While women are underrepresented in senior management positions in the United States, they are almost on par with men at middle and lower management le
14、vels, according to Labor Department statistics. In three experiments, Netchaeva and her co-authors discovered that men feel more threatened when they answer to female bosses.In an experiment with 76 college students(52 male, 24 female)at a U. S. university, participants were told they would negotiat
15、e their salary at a new job in a computer exercise with a male or female hiring manager. After the negotiation, participants took an implicit threat test where they guessed words that appeared on a computer screen for a fraction of a second. Participants who chose more threat-related words, includin
16、g “fear“ or “risk“ , were judged to feel more threatened. Male participants who negotiated with a female manager exhibited more threat and pushed for a higher salary($49,400 average), compared to men negotiating with a male manager($ 42,870 average). The managers gender didnt affect female participa
17、nts, who negotiated for a lower salary($41,346 average), reflecting a common trend where women tend to be less aggressive than men in negotiations, Netchaeva said.In another experiment, 68 male college students had to decide how to split a $ 10,000 bonus with a male or female team member or supervis
18、or. Male participants evenly split the money with male or female team members, but men felt more threatened by a female supervisor and tried to keep more money for themselves than with a male supervisor.In a similar experiment conducted online with 370 adult participants(226 male, 144 female)from th
19、e United States, men were more receptive to female supervisors who were described as proactive and direct rather than self-promotive and power-seeking. Specifically, male participants tried to keep a larger share of the $ 10,000 bonus if the female manager was described as ambitious or power-seeking
20、. Female participants offered roughly the same bonus amount to proactive or ambitious female managers.Self-assertive behavior by men toward female bosses could disrupt the workplace dynamics, stifle team cohesiveness and negatively affect team performance, Netchaeva said. “In an ideal world, men wou
21、ld be concerned by these findings and adjust their behavior accordingly. But if they dont, where does that leave women?“ she said. “Given the strong societal norms surrounding masculinity, it may be difficult for men to recognize or change their behavior. “ If men wont change their actions, then fem
22、ale supervisors may want to appear more proactive and less power-seeking to maintain smooth relationships in the workplace, Netchaeva said.21 According to the passage, which of the following is true about womens current position in workplace and at home?（A）Women begin to take more senior management
23、positions in workplace.（B） Women begin to become the only economic pillar of the whole family.（C） Women begin to give up their family and join in work as managers.（D）Women begin to take many middle and lower management positions.22 In the first experiment, compared with male counterparts, female par
24、ticipants behave as_.（A）negotiating with the hiring manager for a higher salary out of threat（B） choosing more threat-related words like “fear“ or “risk“ after negotiation（C） negotiating for the same salary whether with male or with female manager（D）being more aggressive when negotiating with female
25、 hiring manager23 In the second and third experiments, how do male participants deal with the $ 10,000 bonus?（A）They keep the same share of money for themselves ignoring the gender of the supervisors.（B） They keep more money for themselves when the female supervisors are proactive and direct.（C） The
26、y keep more money for themselves when the female supervisors are power-seeking.（D）They divide the money equally with their team members, female and male supervisors.24 According to the last paragraph, which of the following does NOT belong to mens self-assertive behavior?（A）Accepting proactive femal
27、e manager.（B） Being aggressive to female manager.（C） Feeling threatened by female manager.（D）Asking female manager for higher salary.25 It can be inferred that_.（A）female managers should adjust their own behavior in workplace（B） men must avoid masculinity to strengthen the team cohesiveness（C） men s
28、hould keep a higher share of bonus for their female leader（D）men should face up to womens achievement and their masculinity25 Some fish seem to be capable of adapting rapidly to climate change. In fact, they might even thrive in the warmer oceans of the future, growing bigger and healthier than they
29、 can at present-day temperatures. Evidence gathered over the past decade has suggested that climate change will force fish to migrate to cooler waters, or else face extinction. Signs of such migration have already even been seen. But recent studies have shown that some fish are able to adapt to warm
30、er waters over a few generations.Earlier this month, Philip Munday of James Cook University, and his colleagues showed that one key tropical fish species did this by switching some of its genes on and off. Yet there are questions over the potential cost of such an adaptation. The fishs ability to sw
31、im seems to be unimpaired but, as Munday noted: “Maybe well see trade-offs with growth rates. There are no free lunches in this world. “ However, for some fish at least, climate change may well carry the prospect of just such a free lunch.Work by Jennifer Donelson from the University of Technology i
32、n Sydney, Australia, suggests that when a certain species of reef-dwelling fish adapts to warmer waters, it grows bigger and is in better physical condition.In her laboratory, Donelson reared several groups of maroon clownfish or anemonefish, which live in coral reefs throughout the West Pacific. Sh
33、e kept one group at temperatures replicating present-day conditions on the Great Barrier Reef, from where the parents of the fish were collected. In addition, she kept another group at 1.51 warmer and a third group at 31 warmer, representing the ocean temperature rise expected by the end of the cent
34、ury.After a year of growing, the fish adapted to the warmer temperatures, upping their aerobic metabolism. And that enhancement seemed to bestow other benefits; those reared at temperatures 3 warmer grew 8 percent larger and 29 per cent heavier than fish reared at lower temperatures.Donelson says th
35、at it is hard to make predictions about how different species will cope with climate change. “ But at least it wont be all negative news for all species,“ she says.Warmer waters could be a good thing for fish that are able to adapt quickly enough, says Munday. But he notes that there could still be
36、other costs of adaptation that were not revealed by this study. Donelson agrees, saying that she did not test the reproduction rates of the anemonefish, for example. Of course, how they cope will depend on the wider coral reef ecosystem, and there is ongoing debate about its ability to adapt to warm
37、er waters. Other studies have also suggested that a similar species of clown-fish gets “tipsy“ when water becomes more acidic, leading to them taking more risks.26 According to the author, when climate changes, some kinds of fish may_.（A）have a better physical condition（B） have to leave for cold wat
38、ers（C） alter its genes before extinction（D）have a higher production rate27 In order to adapt to warmer waters, some kinds of fish_.（A）switch their genes on and off（B） have to have a better swim ability（C） slow down their growth rates（D）dont need to pay any price28 Jennifer Donelson has found in her
39、study that_.（A）reef-dwelling fish can grow better as soon as they migrate to warmer waters（B） parents of the sample clownfish were gathered from the Great Barrier Reef（C） the ocean temperature will rise to 3 at the end of the century（D）the metabolic rate of some fish can be enhanced in warmer temper
40、atures29 What can be inferred from Paragraph 6?（A）Different species will deal with climate change in different ways.（B） All the species can benefit more or less from climate change.（C） Fish is not the only species which can benefit from climate change.（D）Species which can adapt to climate changes wo
41、uld survive better.30 In the authors opinion, the future of clownfish is_.（A）promising（B） gloomy（C） uncertain（D）risky30 A new report shows that while workers have steadily increased the age at which they expect to retire beyond 65from 11 percent in 1991 to 36 percent when the survey was takenthe med
42、ian retirement age has, in fact, been stuck at 62 since 1991.Thats one of the reality checks in the 25 th annual Retirement Confidence Survey by the nonprofit Employee Benefit Research Institute(EBRI). The report, which surveyed both workers and retirees, aged 25 and up: The percentage of workers in
43、 retirement plans feeling “very confident“ about retiring comfortably doubled from 2013 to 2015, to 28 percent. But just 12 percent of workers without retirement plans are “very confident“ about retiring comfortably.Those very confident workers with retirement plans arent more optimistic without rea
44、son. The big jump in confidence shocked EBRIs director of research, Jack VanDerhei. He looked at the change in account balances in his database of 401(k)plans, which covers 27 million participants. In just the year ending Jan. 1, 2015, gains ranged from a low of 19 percent to a high of 47. 9 percent
45、.But whether theyre in a retirement plan or not, many of those surveyed dont seem to be making big increases to their retirement savings, VanDerhei said. On top of the market gains, workers in 401(k)retirement plans might benefit from having their contributions automatically increased each year. And
46、 while 69 percent of workers said they could save $ 25 more a week than they are now, they went on to contradict themselves, as 50 percent also said that the pressure of daily costs means they cant afford to save additional money.One of the most glaring areas in which expectations and reality diverg
47、ed is in the percentage of income that workers think theyll need to replace in retirement: 56 percent think they should be able to live on no more than 70 percent of pre-retirement income.“I suspect most people are ignoring medical expenses,“ VanDerhei says. “They magically think Medicare will take
48、care of everything, and very few factor in long-term care expenses. “ Once they take the latter into account, he says, that 70 percent estimate blows up, unless theyre lucky enough to have a good long-term care policy. If theyre luckier still and dont need long-term care, they can probably get away
49、with 100 percent of pre-retirement income. Yet just 10 percent of workers estimated that theyd need more than 95 percent of pre-retirement income in retirement.There was some good news in those numbers, too. Thirty-one percent of retirees said they had left the workforce earlier because they could afford it, and 17 percent said a desire to do something else played into retiring earlier than planned. Still, its a risky propos
