1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 170 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners
2、, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area of the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does n
3、ot occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society.Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which, by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a clas
4、s society, the upper classes or the so-called social elite are not able to differentiate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classes immediately below them, who, in turn, are imitated by groups immediately be
5、low them in the social structure. This process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imita
6、ted. It is primarily this feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, moves to its doom.As a movement, fashion shows little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves
7、 along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. The participants are not recruited through agitation. No morale is b
8、uilt up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or require, an ideology. Further, since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build up a set of tactics. People take part in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting
9、and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.1 It is known from the first paragraph that（A）fashion operates in every society.（B） fashion is found only in a few fields of group life.（C） fashion originates in a class society.（D）people like to keep up with fashion in a primitive society.2
10、 According to the author, which of the following groups usually leads a new fashion?（A）Philosophers.（B） Artists.（C） Writers.（D）The social elite.3 Which of the following statements is true?（A）Fashion, as a movement, is static.（B） A fashion is destined to disappear once it is launched.（C） A fashion wi
11、ll never vanish once it is launched.（D）The upper classes play a little role in fashion movements.4 According to the author, a fashion movement（A）will eventually develop into a social organization.（B） has little in common with other movements.（C） has a powerful leadership guiding it.（D）has a set of s
12、ymbols and values.5 It can be inferred from the passage that a fashion movement（A）is a form of expressive behavior.（B） contributes a great deal to the way of crowd behavior.（C） can boost the morale of its participants.（D）functions in the same way as specific social movements.5 Hundreds of feet benea
13、th Earths surface, a few seasoned cave explorers venture where no human has set foot Their headlamps illuminate mud-covered walls, gypsum crystals and mineral deposits. The real attraction, though, is under their shoes. A massive formation that resembles a white river spans the caves floor. A closer
14、 examination reveals that the odd formation is an intricate crust of tiny calcite crystals. The veteran explorers have reached Snowy Riverthought to be the longest continuous cave formation in the world.“I think Snowy River is one of the primo places underground in the world and theres still so much
15、 left that we havent discovered. We dont even know how big it is,“ said Jim Goodbar, a cave specialist with the federal Bureau of Land Management. The survey expedition by members of the Fort Stanton Cave Study Project in early July added several thousand feet to the measurement of the spectacular f
16、ormation, which is at least four miles long. The explorers who have been following the passage under the rolling hills of southeastern New Mexico say theres still more of Snowy River to be discovered.The few who have walked on the formation say theyve seen nothing else like it. Early studies point t
17、o its uniqueness: Already, some three dozen species of microbes previously unknown to science have been uncovered. New Mexicos two U. S. senators are pushing for Congress to designate Fort Stanton Cave and Snowy River as a national conservation area. The designation would protect the area from such
18、activities as mining that threaten the water flows that created the cave. It also might generate funding for scientific research.Last summer, explorers were surprised to arrive at Snowy River and find it flowing with water. It had been dry when first discovered in 2001 and during trips in 2003 and 2
19、005. It took several months for Snowy River to dry out, leaving scientists with another set of questions about where the water came from and where it went Some scientists believe innumerable floods formed Snowy River, dropping a thin layer of calcite each time. Areas of Fort Stanton Cave are open to
20、 those who get permits from the BLM, but Snowy Riverdeep in the cave behind locked metal gatesis offlimits. Its unlikely Snowy River ever will be open to anything but research because of the fragility of the tiny calcite crystals and microbes on the cave walls.6 According to the text, “seasoned“(Lin
21、e 1, Paragraph 1)probably means（A）brave.（B） hardworking.（C） experienced.（D）breathtaking.7 Which of the following statements is true about the Snowy River?（A）It extends its passage beneath the hills of southeastern New Mexico.（B） Its attraction is a crust of tiny crystal.（C） It is a wonder undergroun
22、d, which looks like a white river four miles long.（D）Some well-known microbes are uncovered, which makes the River unique.8 Snowy River is designated as a national conservation area because（A）that can prevent it from any human activity which affects the water flows.（B） the water flows need protectin
23、g and the research needs funding.（C） the microbes uncovered in the cave deserve our protection.（D）the scientific research on the River ought to be funded.9 Some scientists believe floods help form the layer of calcite in that（A）Snowy River is covered with manganese crust.（B） the formation looks like
24、 a white river span.（C） they found the passage flowing with water incidentally.（D）it is deep in the cave behind locked metal gates.10 The probable title of this text is（A）A Breakthrough in Archaeology.（B） A New DiscoverySnowy River.（C） Snowy RiverAn Underground Wonder.（D）Unveiling Snowy River.10 Imm
25、igration poses two main challenges for the rich worlds governments. One is how to manage the inflow of migrants; the other, how to integrate those who are already there.Whom, for example, to allow in? Already, many governments have realized that the market for top talent is global and competitive. L
26、ed by Canada and Australia, they are redesigning migration policies not just to admit, but actively to attract highly skilled immigrants. Germany, for instance, tentatively introduced a green card of its own several years ago for information-technology staff.Whereas the case for attracting the highl
27、y skilled is fast becoming conventional wisdom, a thornier issue is what to do about the unskilled. Because the difference in earnings is greatest in this sector, migration of the unskilled delivers the largest global economic gains. Moreover, wealthy, well-educated, ageing economies create lots of
28、jobs for which their own workers have little appetite.So immigrants tend to cluster at the upper and lower ends of the skill spectrum. Immigrants either have university degrees or no high-school education. Mr. Smiths survey makes the point: Among immigrants to America, the proportion with a postgrad
29、uate education, at 21%, is almost three times as high as in the native population; equally, the proportion with less than nine years of schooling, at 20%, is more than three times as high as that of the native-born.All this means that some immigrants do far better than others. The unskilled are the
30、problem. Research by George Borjas, a Harvard University professor whose parents were unskilled Cuban immigrants, has drawn attention to the fact that the unskilled account for a growing proportion of Americas foreign-born. Newcomers without high-school education not only drag down the wages of the
31、poorest Americans; their children are also disproportionately likely to fail at school.These youngsters are there to stay. “The toothpaste is out of the tube,“ says Mark Krikorian, executive director of the Centre for Immigration Studies. And their numbers will grow. Because the rich worlds women sp
32、urn motherhood, immigrants give birth to many of the rich worlds babies. Foreign mothers account for one birth in five in Switzerland and one in eight in Germany and Britain. If these children grow up underprivileged and undereducated, they will create a new underclass that may take many years to em
33、erge from poverty.For Europe, immigration creates particular problems. Europe needs it even more than the United States because the continent is ageing faster than any other region. Immigration is not a permanent cure(immigrants grow old too), but it will buy time. And migration can “grease the whee
34、ls“ of Europes sclerotic labour markets, argues Tito Boeri in a report published in July. However, thanks to the generosity of Europes welfare states, migration is also a sort of tax on immobile labour. And the more immobile Europeans arethe older, the less educatedthe more xenophobic they are too.1
35、1 It has become a generally accepted view that the rich countries governments should（A）try to admit and attract highly skilled immigrants.（B） introduce green cards of their own countries.（C） create more jobs for the unskilled immigrants.（D）refuse to admit unskilled immigrants.12 The author cites Mr.
36、 Smiths survey in order to show that（A）most immigrants are either highly skilled or poorly unskilled.（B） immigrants take up a larger proportion of American population than the natives.（C） immigrants are mostly those who received little education before arrival.（D）there are more highly skilled immigr
37、ants in America than unskilled immigrants.13 The unskilled immigrants are the problem because（A）most of them cannot find jobs.（B） crime rate among them is higher.（C） their children might be poorly educated.（D）they dont control births of babies.14 By saying “The toothpaste is out of the tube“, the au
38、thor probably means that（A）the unskilled immigrants have already been here and will certainly not return.（B） the unskilled immigrants have dragged down wages and will continue to do so.（C） children of unskilled immigrants have done poorly in school and will likely to drop out soon.（D）the younger gen
39、eration of unskilled immigrants will see their numbers grow.15 From the last paragraph we learn that（A）immigration may slow down the ageing of Europes population.（B） immigration may lead to instability of the European labor market.（C） Europe is more generous to immigrants than the United States.（D）E
40、uropeans will become more xenophobic as more immigrants come in.15 Earlier this month, after the federal government said vaccines aggravated an underlying disorder that led to autism-like symptoms in 9-year-old Hannah Poling, the longstanding controversy over the role of childhood vaccines flared an
41、ew on network newscasts, the Internet and talk radio. The culture of autism is hitting prime time, too.Despite its high profile, however, autism is one of the most complicated neurological disorders known. Some of the sufferers attend college; others never speak an intelligible word. Its complexity,
42、 in fact, is what has fueled the ongoing vaccine debate and caused divisions within the “autism community. “ Unlike most conditions that attract popular and celebrity support, autism is almost a complete mystery, with no known cause. The vacuum created by this lack of knowledge has been filled with
43、the theories, worries and frustrations of desperate parents. Its hard not to want something, or somebody, to blame. But now, as the spotlight glares again, its time to separate fact from fear, to strive for perspective and clarity over emotion, to define the true scope of the disorder.For decades, r
44、esearchers have been trying to identify a cause for autism. In the 1950s, clinicians blamed “refrigerator mothers“ and their cold, uncaring parenting. More recently, the anger has swirled largely around childhood vaccines. Today, scientists believe that genes and environmental factors, which could b
45、e anything from pesticides to antibodies in a mothers womb, both play a role. But some parents continue to believe their children were injured by modern medicine.But the court case wasnt that simple. It turned out that Hannah had a rare mitochondrial disorder. Rather than support the thimerosal hypo
46、thesis, the decision endorses a whole other field of research into the causes of autism. Its possible, scientists say, that a challenge to the immune systembe it an infection, a vaccine or some other triggercould stress already fragile cells and exacerbate the problem. Scientists want to know how ma
47、ny children with autism have mitochondrial disorders. And would it be possible to identify those who might be vulnerable to vaccines?To appreciate the complexity of the condition, all you have to do is look at the extraordinary range of people who fall under the umbrella diagnosis of autism spectrum
48、 disorders. With the vast range in abilities comes a striking diversity in thinking, too. Over the years, the autism community has divided into camps, often with conflicting ideas about how to view and treat the disorder. But the ultimate goal of the researchers, and the many families who support th
49、eir work, is to solve the mystery of autism. Clarity is what we need, and science is the way well get there.16 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that（A）more and more children have got the symptoms of autism.（B） few people are in terror of the symptoms of autism.（C） autism now is widely spread throughout the world.（D）the culture of autism now is heatedly discussed and reported.17 Which of the following might result in the divisions within the “autism community“?（A）The sophistication of autism.（B） The enrollment of some autism patients in col
