1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 14 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 The Recession Effects an EmployedSmith Colleges career office sent its anxious job-hunting seniors a letter last month with a reassuring message : “There
2、 are jobs, and you can find employment.“ Unfortunately, there are far fewer jobs than anticipated, according to a report out today from the National Association for Colleges and Employers (NACE). The companies surveyed for the groups spring update are planning to hire 22 % fewer graduates from the c
3、lass of 2009 than they hired from the class of 2008, a big letdown from the groups projections in October that hiring would hold steady. Some 44% of companies in the survey, conducted last month, said they plan to hire fewer new graduates, and another 22% said they do not plan to hire at all this sp
4、ring, more than double last years figure. “ If you were a student and were out there (interviewing) in the fall, you probably had a decent chance of getting a job,“ says Edwin Koc, director of strategic and foundation research at NACE. “But frankly, the spring does not look good. “Job prospects for
5、college graduates, which had been on the rise since 2004, dropped in virtually every sector this year. The most dramatic decline was, not surprisingly, in finance, which hemorrhaged 71 % of expected job openings. Less expected but equally troubling is the 37% decline in hiring for professional servi
6、ces, which include accounting and engineering. “ Poor hiring estimates from this area speak to the depth of the recession in the college labor market for the class of 2009,“ the report says.Government is essentially the only industry planning to hire more new graduates this year than last, as the ne
7、w Administration expands and a graying workforce retires. The increase in government recruiting is obvious to students. Last year, notes Dorothy Kerr, executive manager of Rutgers Universitys career services, there were just 15 government and nonprofit employers at the annual Big East Career Day in
8、Manhattans Madison Square Garden; others were kept out to make room for 135 private-sector employers. This year, just 80 private companies signed up for the March 13 event, where 30 federal agencies will be on hand accepting resumes. “The good news is, the Federal Government is definitely hiring,“Ke
9、rr says. Still, according to the NACE report, the projected increase is less than 6 % .Not only are fewer companies hiring, but more of those with openings are offering internships instead of full-time spots. Only a third of on-campus recruiters this year are looking to sign both full-time employees
10、 and interns, the report found, down from an average of two-thirds for the classes of 2007 and 2008. And 16% of employers will be hiring only interns, nearly double the percentage that did so last year. “I explain to the students that its like taking another course, and paying to take that course,“
11、says Middleburys executive director of career services, Jaye Roseborough.1 What can we learn from the report issued by NACE?（A）There are jobs and college graduates can find employment.（B） In October people were expecting hiring to hold steady.（C） 44% companies would not hire at all this spring.（D）Jo
12、b openings in 2009 would be 22 % fewer than in 2008.2 Which of the following is true of job prospects for class of 2009?（A）Job opportunities in finance dropped the most dramatically.（B） Situations in accounting and engineering were very optimistic.（C） Job prospects dropped in all sectors including g
13、overnment.（D）The government will hire more college graduates this year.3 What is the reason that government is planning to hire more according to the passage?（A）Colleges and universities called for government to hire more.（B） The government is trying to stabilize the work force market.（C） The federa
14、l government encourages states to hire more.（D）New Administration expands and more workers retire.4 What can we learn from the passage?（A）The hiring increase in government sector was a big good news.（B） Many colleges are looking for job opportunities for their graduates.（C） The recession had greatly
15、 affected the labor force market all over the world.（D）Some colleges are helping their new graduates adjust to the serious situation.5 What makes the college graduates labor market more troubling according to the last paragraph?（A）Fewer companies are planning to hire.（B） Some companies offer interns
16、hips.（C） Fewer companies offer full-time jobs.（D）Students have to pay for getting jobs.5 Technical Knowledge and Expertise Needed the Job ManketAs colleges and universities send another wave of graduates out into the world this spring, thousands of other job seekers with liberal-arts degrees like Ma
17、rtins find themselves in a similar bind. True enough, this is an era of record-breaking lows in unemployment. But technology companies, which are contributing the lions share of new lobs, are simultaneously declaring a shortage of qualified workers. The emphasis is on the word qualified.Its no surpr
18、ise that high-tech companies rarely hire liberal-arts graduates. “Our p. r. people, our marketers, even our attorneys have technical talent,“ says Tracy Koon, director of corporate affairs at Intel. The need for technical expertise is so pervasive that even retailers are demanding such skills. “ Com
19、panywide, were looking for students with specific information-systems skills,“ says David McDearmon, director of field human resources at Dollar Tree Stores. “Typically we shy away from independent-college students who dont have them.“Fortunately for Martin, some invaluable help was at hand when he
20、needed it. The Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges, a network of 15 liberal-arts colleges in the state, has teamed up with local companies to bridge the learning gap faced by its members graduates. VFIC invited 30 companies, including First Union and Electronic Data Systems, to link the nee
21、ds of businesses with the skills being taught in college classrooms. With grants from corporate sponsors like AT Dolly died very young, though she had seemed healthy. And because the Chinese womans twins were born prematurely and died (the third triplet was removed early on to improve chances for th
22、e remaining two), critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans.Not likely, says Grifo. “The obstetric outcome was a disaster,“ he admits, “but the embryos were chromosomally normal. We have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure.“ Even so,
23、concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China, where it was subsequently banned (but only this m
24、onth, long after Zhuangs patient became pregnant) .The bottom line, say critics, is that perfecting a technique that could be used for human cloning, even if it were developed for another purpose, is just a bad ideaan assertion Zhuang rejects. “ I agree that it makes sense to control these experimen
25、ts,“ he says. “But weve developed an effective technology to help people. We understand how to do it. We need it.“11 What is implied in the first paragraph?（A）Some people regard it as a tragic failure.（B） The new experiment means a breakthrough for some people.（C） People have different reactions to
26、the new experiment.（D）The new experiment means a step further to the dangerous human cloning.12 The author uses the case of Dolly and the Chinese pregnant woman to show that_.（A）both nuclear-transfer and cloning are dangerous for humans and animals（B） both of them benefit from the new technique（C） b
27、oth of them are the examples of technical failure（D）both of them are the fruits of the new technology13 Zhuangs attitude toward the critics conclusion is one of_.（A）reserved consent（B） strong disapproval（C） slight contempt（D）enthusiastic support14 The only difference existing between nuclear-transfe
28、r and cloning technique is_.（A）whether it is used for research or for helping the infertile（B） whether the offspring looks like the parent（C） whether it is used in animals or human beings（D）whether the inserted nucleus comes from a single and usually adult cell 15 The text intends to express the ide
29、a that_.（A）research of cloning has potential risks（B） the research of cloning should be stopped totally（C） ethics and research of cloning are in contradiction（D）researchers should have the right to continue the study of cloning15 The Brain Most Active Dering SleepFor many years, people believed that
30、 the brain, like the body, rested during sleep. After all, we are rendered unconscious by sleep. Perhaps, it was thought, the brain just needs to stop thinking for a few hours every day. Wrong. During sleep, our brainthe organ that directs us to sleepis itself extraordinarily active. And much of tha
31、t activity helps the brain to learn, to remember and to make connections.It wasnt so long ago that the regretful joke in research circles was that everyone knew sleep had something to do with memory except for the people who study sleep and the people who study memory. Then, in 1994, Israeli researc
32、hers reported that the average performance for a group of people on a memory test improved when the test was repeated after a break of many hours during which some subjects slept and others did not. In 2000, a Harvard team demonstrated that this improvement occurred only during sleep. There are seve
33、ral different types of memoryincluding declarative (fact-based information) , episodic (events from your life) and procedural (how to do something)and researchers have designed ways to test each of them. In almost every case, whether the test involves remembering pairs of words, tapping numbered key
34、s in a certain order or figuring out the rules in a weather-prediction game, “sleeping on it“ after first learning the task improves performance. Its as if our brains squeeze in some extra practice time while were asleep.This isnt to say that we cant form memories when were awake. If someone tells y
35、ou his name, you dont need to fall asleep to remember it. But sleep will make it more likely that you do. Sleep-deprivation experiments have shown that a tired brain has a difficult time capturing memories of all sorts. Interestingly, sleep deprivation is more likely to cause us to forget informatio
36、n associated with positive emotion than information linked to negative emotion. This could explain, at least in part, why sleep deprivation can trigger depression in some people: memories stained with negative emotions are more likely than positive ones to “stick“ in the sleep-deprived brain.Sleep a
37、lso seems to be the time when the brains two memory systemsthe hippocampus and the neocortex “talk“ with one other. Experiences that become memories are laid down first in the hippocampus, eliminating whatever is underneath. If a memory is to be retained, it must be shipped from the hippocampus to a
38、 place where it will endure the neocortex, the wrinkled outer layer of the brain where higher thinking takes place. Unlike the hippocampus, the neocortex is a master at weaving the old with the new. And partly because it keeps incoming information at bay, sleep is the best time for the “undistracted
39、“ hippocampus to shuttle memories to the neocortex, and for the neocortex to link them to related memories.16 Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?（A）The brain rested during sleep.（B） The brain functioned in the same way as the body.（C） The brain needs to stop for a few ho
40、urs every day.（D）The brain is very active during sleep.17 What is TRUE about the report of Israeli researches and the demonstration of a Harvard team?（A）They proved that sleep had nothing to do with memory.（B） Their conclusions were different.（C） They were products of coordinated experiments.（D）They
41、 both proved that sleep helps remember.18 What can researchers do to test different memory types?（A）They can test all memory types at the same time.（B） They can only test a certain type of memory.（C） They can test each type of memory in different ways.（D）They can reach different conclusions with dif
42、ferent methods.19 How will sleep deprivation affect our memory according to the passage?（A）It triggers depression in sleep-deprived people.（B） It has the same effect on good and had memory.（C） It will only allow had memories to stay in our brain.（D）It will make it difficult for our brain to remember
43、 things.20 How can a piece of information become enduring memory in the brain according to the passage?（A）It must go to the hippocampus for processing.（B） It must be transferred to the neocortex.（C） It must eliminate the memory underneath it.（D）It must be captured during the time of sleep.20 The Gen
44、e Variation Causes an AutismCommon genetic variations that can contribute to autism have been reliably identified for the first time in research that promises to improve the diagnosis and understanding of the disorder. The DNA changes, which affect genes involved in early brain development, are toge
45、ther involved in up to 15 percent of autism cases, the most extensive study of its kind yet conducted has found. The findings significantly deepen scientific understanding of the genetic origins of autism, offering insights into the conditions underlying biology that could eventually lead to new tre
46、atment.While it has long been established that autism has a strong inherited component, previous research has failed to reveal any common DNA variants that were involved. The new study has found a robust link between autism and six such variants. These do not invariably cause the condition, but they
47、 are about 20 percent more common in children with autism than they are in those who are unaffected. The results are especially significant because the variants lie between two genes, called CDH9 and CDH10, which are known to play an important role in forming nerve connections in the brain.Hakon Hak
48、onarson, of the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia in the United States, who led the research, said: “ Because other autism researchers have made intriguing suggestions that autism arises from abnormal connections among brain cells during early development, it is very compelling to find evidence tha
49、t mutations in genes involved in brain interconnections increase a childs risk of autism“. This comprehensive research opens the door to more focused investigations into the causes of autism disorders. It moves the field of autism research significantly ahead, similar to the way oncology research progressed a few decades ago with the discovery of specific genes that give rise to cancers.In the study, the research team compared the DNA of 3,100 individuals from 780 American families each with at least t
