1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 87 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 For years people have debated the degree to which police officers hands are tiedrestricted from doing their jobs by laws that allow a criminal to get off
2、 “scot free“. A closer examination, however, reveals that these laws merely attempt to prevent abuse.In the 1966 Supreme Court decision Miranda vs. Arizona, the court held that before the police can obtain statements from people who are arrested and subjected to an interrogation, they must be given
3、a Miranda warning, which means suspects have the right to remain silent during the police interrogation, and they have the right to have an attorney present during questioning. Violation of these rights means that peoples statements are not admissible in a court hearing. Police officers must read su
4、spects their Miranda rights upon taking them into custody. When a suspect who is merely being questioned incriminates himself, he might later claim to have been in custody and seek to have the case dismissed. The judge must determine whether suspects were questioned in a threatening manner and wheth
5、er suspects were aware that they were free to leave at any time. Officers must take care not to give suspects grounds for later claiming they believed themselves to be in custody.This, it must be remembered, is to deter policemen obtaining confessions in a coercive way, but confessions can be obtain
6、ed in a non-coercive way, even if it is done by some trickery. Sometimes, one inmate may confess to another inmate, and often these confessions are obtained by placing an undercover agent, posing as an inmate, in a cell with the prisoner. On the surface, this may appear to violate the principles of
7、the constitutional Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. However, the courts have found that the Fifth Amendment is intended to protect suspects from coercive interrogation, which is present when a person is in custody and is subject to official questioning. In the case of an underco
8、ver officer posing as an inmate, the questioning does not appear to be official; therefore, confessions obtained in this manner are not considered coercive.1 According to the text, when are suspects not in custody?（A）When free to refuse to answer questions.（B） When free to leave the police station.（
9、C） When apprised of their Miranda rights.（D）When free to obtain and consult a lawyer.2 A police officer, questioning suspects who are not under arrest, must inform suspects of their _.（A）Miranda rights（B） right to an attorney（C） freedom to leave（D）right to make a phone call3 According to the text, p
10、olice officers_.（A）are allowed to question imprisoned inmates about their crimes（B） sometimes go undercover and receive confessions from inmates（C） should try to become friendly with inmates in order to gather information（D）should always read inmates their rights before talking to them4 According to
11、 the text, prison inmates_.（A）sometimes make confessions to fellow inmates（B） lose their privilege against self-incrimination（C） do not know they can refuse to answer corrections officers questions（D）may be coerced into confessing5 The privilege against self-incrimination can be found in_.（A）Supreme
12、 Court opinion（B） prison rules and regulations（C） state law governing prisons（D）the U.S. Constitution5 Going online is a favorite pastime for millions of American children. Almost 10 million(14 percent)of Americas 69 million children are online. The Internet both entertains and educates children, ho
13、wever, there are some possible negative consequences for children who access kid-based Web sites. Advertising on kid-based Web sites has become both a rapidly growing market for consumer companies and a concern for parents. With a click on an icon, children can link to advertisers and be granted tre
14、mendous spending power. Children are an important target group for consumer companies. Children under age 12 spent $14 billion, teenagers another $67 billion, and together they influenced $160 billion of their parents incomes.Many critics question the appropriateness of targeting children in Interne
15、t advertising and press to require that children be treated as a “special case“ by advertisers. Because children lack the analytical abilities and judgment of adults, they may be unable to evaluate the accuracy of information they view, or understand that the information they provide to advertisers
16、is really just data collected by an advertiser. Children generally lack the ability to give consent to the release of personal information to an advertiser, an even greater problem for children when they are offered incentives for providing personal information, or when personal information is requi
17、red before they are allowed to register for various services. Children may not realize that in many cases these characters provide hotlinks directly to advertising sites.The Internet does present some challenges for advertisers who want to be ethical in their marketing practices. Many advertisers ar
18、gue that we underestimate the levels of media awareness shown by children. By the age of seven or eight most children can recognize an advertisement and know that its purpose is to sell something and are able to make judgments about the products shown in advertisements. However, this somewhat optimi
19、stic and decidedly libertarian view of children runs aground when we realise that they are(like a surprising number of adults)unable to judge accurately between entertainment and advertising. Adults can fend for themselves but, as marketers, we should be explicit about our purpose when advertising t
20、o children on the Internet.6 According to the first paragraph, children as an Internet market target group_.（A）are using it at an earlier and earlier age（B） are overtaking the adult market due to their spending power（C） are growing at an incredible rate（D）have created a growing advertising market7 T
21、argeting children for advertising is controversial because children_.（A）are not able to analyse and judge advertisements（B） often give off information that may be dangerous to them（C） are unable to give consent since they are too young（D）are not ready to evaluate advertisements or information reques
22、ts8 Many advertisers defend the targeting of children because_.（A）it is up to parents to monitor their children（B） children understand what an advertisement is trying to do（C） children are provided a game in return for the information（D）no actual sales take place9 One reason that children are unable
23、 to resist giving personal information on the Internet is _.（A）it is presented in connection with entertainment（B） they do not know that the information is going to be read by someone（C） they feel they must follow an adults orders（D）due to their inability to distinguish an advertisement from a non-a
24、dvertisement10 In the text the author wants his marketers to understand that_.（A）advertising to children must stop（B） a libertarian view in advertising is unethical（C） advertising to children must have a clear purpose（D）children must be treated differently when advertising10 Copernicus took away our
25、 claim as humans to a special position at the centre of the Universe. Darwin forced us to take our place among the animals. Now the last refuges of mystery are being invaded as science begins to take apart human nature itself. Psychologists of every hue have been joined by neuroscientists, artificia
26、l intelligence experts, philosophers and economists in the rush to solve this last great problem. The scale and scope of activity is unprecedented. Never before have there been so many best-selling books on mind and brain from so many different thinkers. And no sooner has one proclaimed that a profo
27、und mystery of consciousness has been discovered than half a dozen others will counterclaim that the mystery has merely grown deeper.As the science of human nature advances, two old debates remain. The first comes in many shapes. Is our nature inbuilt or is it acquired? Are genes or environment more
28、 important in shaping us? Philosophers characterize the difference as being between nativists and empiricists. The second great debate has a profound religious dimension. Does free will really exist or are minds merely a reflection of the mechanical workings of the brain? Hippocrates, who died in 37
29、7 BC, was one of the earliest to write that thoughts, feelings and perceptions were simply activities of the brain. But his opinion appears to have been a lone voice in the Western world over the past 2500 years, which placed the existence of free will, and its consequent choices between right and w
30、rong, heaven and hell, at the heart of its dogma.The questions underlying these two great debates have more than merely academic appeal, for the study of human nature is not only scientifically challenging, false insights from it can be extraordinarily dangerous and lead to immense suffering and dea
31、th. While Hitler had no deep knowledge of genetic theory, he did operate under a belief of human nature, justifying unspeakable crimes. It is true that unscrupulous politicians will always take what they want from science to further their own ends and ideologies, but in the area of human nature, sci
32、entists have had a more direct responsibility for acts of which we should now feel collectively ashamed.11 The reason why studying the nature of human beings is popular is that_.（A）the scale and scope of it is unprecedented（B） it is useful for determining policy（C） it is still an area of great myste
33、ry（D）there are so many best-selling books about it12 According to the text, the problem with the study of human nature is_.（A）that it is mysterious（B） insights lead to more questions and mystery（C） it is almost always used for the wrong purposes（D）there are too many competing theories13 It can be in
34、ferred from the text that the author thinks Hippocrates_.（A）had beliefs that should have been considered more seriously by western scholars（B） had too narrow an outlook on human nature（C） did not believe in freedom of choice for people（D）did not believe in environmental influences on personality14 T
35、he debate between nature and nurture is significant because_.（A）it has profound value to researchers（B） it has academic appeal（C） peoples beliefs about human nature can lead to dangerous actions（D）it forms the basis for our political policies15 Scientists are responsible for people who hold harmful
36、beliefs about human nature because _.（A）the theories of scientists are used as justification for such harmful beliefs（B） only through science can these people be refuted（C） they have an obligation to correct their mistakes（D）scientists are the ones who know the true nature of humankind15 “Why are hu
37、mans so smart?“ is a question that fascinates scientists. Tadeusz Kawecki, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Fribourg, likes to turn around the question. “If its so great to be smart,“ Dr. Kawecki asks, “why have most animals remained dumb?“Dr. Kawecki and like-minded scientists are try
38、ing to figure out why animals learn and why some have evolved to be better at learning than others. One reason for the difference, their research finds, is that being smart can be bad for an animals health. Learning is remarkably widespread in the animal kingdom. The worms are not born with an innat
39、e aversion to the dangerous bacteria. They need time to learn to tell the difference and avoid becoming sick.Dr. Dukas hypothesizes that any animal with a nervous system can learn. Even in cases where scientists have failed to document learning in a species, he thinks they should not be too quick to
40、 rule it out. “Is it because Im not a good teacher or because the animal doesnt learn?“ Dr. Dukas asked.Although learning may be widespread among animals, Dr. Dukas wonders why they bothered to evolve it in the first place. “You cannot just say that learning is an adaptation to a changing environmen
41、t,“ he said. It is possible to adapt to a changing environment without using a nervous system to learn. Bacteria can alter behavior to help their survival. If a microbe senses a toxin, it can swim away. If it senses a new food, it can switch genes on and off to alter its metabolism.Learning also tur
42、ns out to have dangerous side effects that make its evolution even more puzzling. Dr. Kawecki and his colleagues have produced striking evidence for these side effects by studying flies as they evolve into better learners in the lab.Dr. Kawecki suspects that each species evolves until it reaches an
43、equilibrium between the costs and benefits of learning. His experiments demonstrate that flies have the genetic potential to become significantly smarter in the wild. But only under his lab conditions does evolution actually move in that direction. In nature, any improvement in learning would cost t
44、oo much.Dr. Kawecki also says it is worth investigating whether humans also pay hidden costs for extreme learning. “We could speculate that some diseases are a byproduct of intelligence,“ he said. The benefits of learning must have been enormous for evolution to have overcome those costs, Dr. Kaweck
45、i argues.16 Some species are better learner than others partly because_.（A）some animals prefer to remain dumb（B） some animals dont have a nervous system（C） learning may endanger some animals health（D）they are better taught than others17 By mentioning microbe, the author intends to_.（A）advocate that
46、animals with a nervous system can all learn（B） argue that learning is an adaptation to a changing environment（C） claim that learning has some kind of side effects（D）prove that the adaptation may not include learning with a nervous system18 Flies evolve to be smarter only in the labs fundamentally be
47、cause_.（A）flies can adapt to the environment without learning（B） the cost of learning in the wild is too huge to bear（C） they may get some diseases as a byproduct in nature（D）the lab conditions allow them to learn better19 The underlined word in Paragraph 6 refers to_.（A）agreement（B） conclusion（C） b
48、alance（D）equality20 Which of the following best summarizes the text?（A）Lots of animals learn, but smarter isnt better.（B） Humans pay hidden costs for learning.（C） Learning has dangerous side effects to animals.（D）Animals learn to adapt to changing environment.考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 87 答案与解析Part ADirections: R
49、ead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 属事实细节题。对应信息集中在第二段，其中指出，嫌犯被逮捕后，有权在审讯时保持沉默，有权聘请律师，警官必须向其宣读米兰达权利，由此可排除 A、C、D 三项。段末提到嫌疑人有离开的自由，B 项正确。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属事实细节题。文中对应信息在第二段末尾两句。警官必须告知未经逮捕的嫌犯有离开的自由，并且不给嫌犯留下声称认为自己受到拘禁的根据。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 属事实细节题。第三段第二句明确谈到，有时警察扮作监犯，从案犯那里取得供词。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 属事实细节题。第三段第二句指出，监犯会相互吐露真言。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 属事实细节题。第三段第三句作者讲到，美国宪法第五项修正案反
