1、英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 1 及答案与解析一、翻译1 Answer the essay question in no fewer than 200 words in English.(北京外国语大学2008 研，考试科目：英汉互译)Susan Bassnett in her book Translation Studies(Third Edition)commented on equivalence: “ Equivalence in translation, then, should not be approached as a search for sameness, si
2、nce sameness cannot even exist between two TL versions of the same text, let alone between the SL and TL version“. In what way do you agree or disagree with this statement? Please give examples to defend your argument.2 Chinese composition( 北京外国语大学 2008 研，考试科目：英汉互译)埃德温根茨勒所著当代翻译理论(Contemporary Transl
3、ation Theories)对北美翻译培训派、多元系统论、解构主义、文化转向、后殖民翻译理论等文学翻译研究的发展进行了全面的扫描。写一篇 250 字左右的中文作文，选择根茨勒所总结的其中一个流派，说明其对于研究英汉、汉英翻译有何意义。3 Answer the following question in English in around 300 words, using the ANSWER SHEET provided.(北京外国语大学 2007 研，考试科目：英语翻译理论和实践)There has been a debate over domesticating and foreigni
4、zing as translation strategies. There are arguments for domesticating and there are also arguments for foreignizing. How do you look at the issue in discussion?4 Read the following two translated versions of Du Fus 望岳, and comment on them according to the following instructions in at least 400 words
5、.(北京航空航天大学 2013研，考试科目：综合英语)Instructions:A. Write a passage to compare the two versions of the translation and then state your preference.B. Analyze your preferred version by using a certain theoretical approach. You should firstly introduce the theory and then use it for your analysis.Chinese versio
6、n:望岳杜甫岱宗夫如何? 齐鲁青未了。造化钟神秀，阴阳割昏晓。荡胸生层云，决眦入归鸟。会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。English version 1: Gazing on Mount TaiO peak of peaks, how high it stands! One boundless green oerspreads two States A marvel done by Natures hands, Oer light and shade it dominates. Clouds rise therefrom and lave my breast: My eyes are strained
7、 to see birds fleet. Try to ascend the mountains crest: It dwarfs all peaks under our feet.(translated by XYC)English version 2: Gazing at the Sacred Peak For all this, what is the mountain god like? An unending green of lands north and south: from ethereal beauty Creation distills there, yin and ya
8、ng split dusk and dawn. Swelling clouds sweep by. Returning birds ruin my eyes vanishing. One day soon, at the summit, the other mountains will be small enough to hold, all in a single glance.(translated by D. Hinton)5 Read the following two versions of translation adopted from“兰亭集序“ , and comment o
9、n them according to the following instructions in at least 400 words.(北京航空航天大学 2012 研，考试科目：综合英语)Instructions:A. Write a passage to compare the two versions of translation and then state your preference.B. Analyze your preferred version by using certain theoretical approach. You should firstly introd
10、uce the theory and then use it for your analysis.Chinese version：兰亭集序夫人之相与，俯仰一世，或取诸怀抱，悟言一室之内；或因寄所托，放浪形骸之外。虽取舍万殊，静躁不同，当其欣于所遇，暂得于己，快然自足，曾不知老之将至。及其所之既倦，情随事迁，感慨系之矣。向之所欣，俯仰之间，已为陈迹，犹不能不以之兴怀。况修短随化，终期于尽。古人云：“生死亦大矣。” 岂不痛哉!English version 1: Preface to the Lanting CollectionWith regard to the friendly associa
11、tion of people during their brief life, it might take the form of unbosoming themselves by conversing in a room, or abandoning themselves to things they love, revelling without constraint. The choices are so widely apart, and the temperaments in terms of quiet or boisterous behaviours are most diffe
12、rent. When people are glad of their situations and feel contentment with their temporary gains, they are unaware of the approaching old age. But when they are tired of what they pursue as their feelings change with circumstances, then they are filled with melancholy. The things which they used to co
13、urt with a gay heart become stale in an instant, but not without stirring up their sentiments. Besides, their spans of life, be they Jong or short, are decided by Providence and converge eventually to a common finish. An ancient said, “Life and death are matters of great magnitude. “ How could they
14、not be afflicted with sorrow?English version 2: A Sketch of the Gathering at Orchid ArbourFor what men have to do with their fellows during their lifetimes, either fetched from their bosoms and discussed with others in certain rooms or taken from their apprehension and cast aboard far beyond their c
15、orporeal frames, although what they adopt or reject are multifariously divergent, being variously different in quietude and tumult, so when they are glad of what they have come across, well-contented with their state of being so far, living happily in their good fortune, without knowing that old age
16、 would soon descend upon them: and when they are tired of the past, their feelings undergo a metamorphosis as the result of the changed state of affairs and sentient responses are produced thereof.What was acclaimed in the past has become during ones looking ahead up and down things of bygone days:
17、yet one could not help being deeply moved in feelings while touching them in reality. What is more, the length and shortness of life depend on Natures decree: they would sooner or later reach finality. As the ancient saying(by Confucius)has itmomentous is the matter of life and death: how awfully pa
18、inful it is!6 Discuss briefly the following in translation studies.(北京航空航天大学 2010 研，考试科目：综合英语)Suppose youll start a research project on literary translation. What will you do to manage your study? Please give a detailed plan.7 The Chinese famous masterpiece(红楼梦)has different translation versions. On
19、ly for the translation of the title you can find the following: A Story of the Stone, The Treasured Mirror of Romantic Affairs, A Dream of Red Mansions, The 12 Beauties of Jinling, The Anecdotes of the Romantic Bronze, and even Hong Lou Meng. Among the above translations, which one do you prefer? Yo
20、u should give at least three reasons to support your choice.8 Briefly answer the following questions.(北京航空航天大学 2010 研，考试科目：综合英语)How do you understand the term “textual equivalence“? Explain the term with examples.9 What is “free translation“? Illustrate your understanding with examples.10 How do you
21、 understand the relationship between fidelity and freedom in translating?11 Are you familiar with any Chinese translation theorists? Describe one of them and his / her contribution to the translation studies.12 Define the following terms in translation studies.(北京航空航天大学 2010 研，考试科目：综合英语)shifts of ex
22、pression13 auto-translation14 receptor language15 generalizing translation16 operational norm17 Discuss the following in translation studies.(北京航空航天大学 2009 研，考试科目：综合英语)What is the concept of shifts and why shifts are unavoidable and inevitable in translating?18 What is function-oriented DTS(descript
23、ive translation studies)concerned with?19 Explain and give your comments on the following.The translators task is precisely to render the source text, the original authors interpretation of a given theme expressed in a number of variations, accessible to readers not familiar with these variations, b
24、y replacing the original authors variation with their equivalents in a different language, time, place and tradition. Particular emphasis must be given to the fact that the translator has to replace all the variations contained in the source text by their equivalents.20 Briefly answer the following
25、questions.(北京航空航天大学 2009 研，考试科目：综合英语)What are the aims of Translation Studies? Please explain from at least three points.英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 1 答案与解析一、翻译1 【正确答案】 In translation, equivalence is a term used to describe the nature and extent of the relationships which exist between the source language(
26、SL)and the target language(TL)texts or between the smaller linguistic units. For centuries, it has always been in the center of discussion. In the above statement, Susan Bassnett argues that e-quivalence should not be regarded as sameness in translation. Translation is not only a transference betwee
27、n a target language and a source language, but also a kind of intercultural communication. And it is not the substitution of the source language with a target language. Language is the carrier of culture. Sometimes, the target culture is absolutely different from the source culture. Besides, meaning
28、 is as important as culture lurking behind the language. Thus in translation, equivalence is not a search for sameness. I do agree with what Susan Bassnett advocated. The following example can demonstrate this. If equivalence is a search for sameness, the English sentence “Every dog has its day“ sho
29、uld be rendered as “每条狗都有它的日子“ in Chinese. The Chinese readers will be confused and the original meaning cannot be attained, either. According to Susan Basnett, equivalence includes linguistic equivalence, paradigmatic equivalence, stylistic equivalence and textual equivalence. The problem of equiva
30、lence should be put under the circumstance of culture.2 【正确答案】 翻译科学派，兴起于二十世纪五、六十年代，代表人物有卡特福德、奈达和威尔斯。这一流派主要以系统化、多样化的语言学学术成果为基础，研究源语和译语之间在词法和句法上的一系列对应和转换规则，追求原文和译文的对等。该派的首要观点是“翻译是一门科学” 。这个观点对于我们研究英汉互译很有指导意义。作为一门科学，翻译有其自身的规律和方法，那么英汉之间的互译也是有理可循、有法可依的。英语和汉语都有其各自的特点，也有相似之处，人们可以像描述语言学那样对英汉这两种语言这些常规性的客观存在加以
31、描述。另外，英汉互译的规律和方法也可以像其他科学知识一样传授给他人。因此，我们研究英汉互译时，应更多地从科学的角度着手，发现更多的英汉转换规律和转换方法。3 【正确答案】 Domesticating translation and foreignizing translation are two terms used by Venuti to describe two different translation strategies. Domesticating translation refers to the translation strategy in which a transpar
32、ent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target-language readers: whereas foreignizing translation refers to the type of translation strategy in which a target text is produced and deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of forei
33、gnness of the original text.It is well known that translation is not only a linguistic transference but also a medium of the intercultural communication. Cultural and linguistic factors are involved in the process of translation. Then which translation strategy should be employed? Domesticating or f
34、oreignizing? For my part, a dialectic attitude should be taken towards them and we cannot say which translation strategy is better. Firstly, domesticating and foreignizing are translation strategies used by translators to fulfill cultural communication. No translators employ only one without the oth
35、er in the practice of translation. Secondly, domesticating and foreignizing are not mutually exclusive. The purpose of translation often determines the choice or combination of the two strategies. Translators aim at seeking a balance between the two so as to achieve their aims of translation. As the
36、 above definitions show, domesticating is a strategy for the target-language-oriented translation in which expressions acceptable in target language and culture are exploited in order to make the translated texts intelligible for the target readers: while foreignizing is a strategy for the source-la
37、nguage-oriented translation that strives to preserve as much as possible the original flavor and foreignness of the source language and culture. Translators can choose one strategy as the main strategy and the other as the complementary one. Thus, both the linguistic and cultural factors of the orig
38、inal text can be reflected in the target language text.4 【正确答案】 The original is a typical classic Chinese poem of eight lines, each containing strictly five characters. It is endowed with the end rhyme of “iao“ all through the lines.Xu Yuanchongs version, though distorts some meanings, reproduces th
39、e poetic effect of the original. With six or so words in each line, Xus version more or less maintains the rhythm of the Chinese poem. More importantly, it is also a verse with the rhyme of “ts“ , “ds“ and “t“. As for the cultural elements, just like “yin“ and “yang“ , they are simply free-translate
40、d into “light“ and “shade“. That rendering avoids referring to the notion alien to the TT reader, and enables them to read the poem at the similar ease with the ST reader, yet the exotic flavor is totally lost.Hintons version faithfully preserves the message, yet the translated version loses all the
41、 rhymes, thus it reads more like a prose rather than a verse. Not only does Hintons version lose all the rhyme schemes, but it also ignores the tonal pattern. The lines are reconstructed into completely different ones, and punctuations no longer appear in the end of a line as they used to in the ori
42、ginal.According to Katharina Reiss, one of the most important principles for the translator is the complete fidelity to the intent of the original author. She also proposes that all texts can be divided into four categories, namely, content-focused, form-focused, appeal-focused, and audio-focused te
43、xts. An ideal translation should resemble the ST in conceptual, formal, and communicative functions, but the three functions are not equal. Thus one of the translators key tasks before he sets down his pen is to make out the focus of the original. Enlightened by that principle, poetry, as a highly f
44、orm-focused text, is judged in relation to their aesthetics, as well as their stylistic , semantic and grammatical characteristics. In this sense, rendering a poetical text from a SL as prose text in a TL is not translating in the strict sense, because as for poet translation, the fidelity to the co
45、ntent is secondary to the fidelity to the form and aesthetic value.The original boasts the merit of typical Chinese classical poetry in that it has a perfect matching between lines, as well as the repetition of end rhyme. That is the defining feature of the ST and it is worth extra efforts. Xus vers
46、ion is better in that it successfully achieves the preservation and reproduction of the original poem.5 【正确答案】 A. I prefer the first version due to the following reasons: Firstly, with the use of well-organized sentence structures, it leaves its readers with a positive impression. Secondly, the tran
47、slator of the first version has a better understanding towards the original text. For example, “俯仰之间“ is used to modify the flash of time and can be rendered into “in the twinkling of an eye“ or “in an instant“ , rather than “looking ahead up and down“. Thirdly, the first version is marked with read
48、ily understandable words, while the second one perhaps overuses the scientific-sounding vocabulary, which turns to be much obscure. For example, the phrase “revelling without constraint“ sounds more natural to a general audience than “ cast aboard far beyond their corporeal frames“ , and the word “m
49、etamorphosis“ is often used in biology. In a word, the first version has done a better job in conveying the message of the original as well as its style and readability.B. Chinese and English, belonging to two different language families, have many differences. However, the most important contrast is parataxis and hypotaxis in grammatical structures, which is caused by the different thinking models between the eastern and the western people, the west emphasizing analysis while the east comprehensiveness. Therefore, the translator should give enough consideratio
