1、Designation: F 1427 07Standard Consumer Safety Specification forBunk Beds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis consumer safety specification addresses bunk bed accidents that were identified by the U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).The CPSC estimat
3、es that in 1989, about 34 000 bunk bed-related injuries were treated in U.S.hospital emergency rooms, and about three fourths of those injured were under the age of 15. Mostof these injuries were minor and were associated with victims who fell from, bumped into, or jumpedfrom bunk beds. However, the
4、re are other less-obvious potentially serious hazards associated withbunk beds. For example, from 1973 through November 1990, CPSC also received reports of 83 deathsof children less than 15 years of age involving bunk beds. Seventy-four incidents, including 17 deaths,involved children who reportedly
5、 became entrapped between the mattress and guardrail; 24 incidents,including five deaths, involved children who reportedly became entrapped either between the mattressand bed structure or in the bed end structure; and 18 incidents, including 16 deaths, involved youngchildren who reportedly became en
6、trapped between the bed and the wall. The CPSC also receivedreports of four deaths due to failure of the mattress support, 19 deaths due to falls from bunk beds,twelve deaths due to strangulation when a belt, rope, or clothing became caught on the bed structure,and ten deaths due to other or unknown
7、 causes.1. Scope1.1 This consumer safety specification establishes minimumrequirements for the design and performance of bunk beds. Italso contains requirements for labeling and instructional ma-terial.1.2 This consumer safety specification is intended to mini-mize accidents to children resulting fr
8、om normal use andreasonably foreseeable misuse or abuse of bunk beds. Thisconsumer safety specification is written within the current stateof the art of bunk bed technology and does not address bunkbeds that are blatantly misused or are used in a careless mannerthat disregards warning statements and
9、 safety instructionsprovided with each bunk bed.1.3 For the purpose of this consumer safety specification, abunk bed (hereinafter referred to as a bed) is defined as any bedin which the underside of the foundation is over 30 in. (762mm) from the floor.1.4 This consumer safety specification does not
10、addressbunk beds for institutional use (for example, in prisons,military facilities, dormitories, and so forth).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units, as well as anyspecified ISO/ANSI standard hardware, are to be regarded asthe standard. The values given in parentheses are for informa-tion only.
11、1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 5, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safet
12、y and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test2.2 Federal Standards:31This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit-tee F15
13、on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF15.30 on Bunk Beds.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F 1427 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org
14、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Federal regulations 16 CFR Part 1303, 16 CFR Section 1500.48,16CFRSection 1500.49, 16 CFR Part 1501, and 16 CFR Part 1632 are in
15、 effect and areadministered by the CPSC. These federal regulations are not a part of this safetyspecification. This information is offered to all parties so that they know that thesefederal regulations must be adhered to outside the scope of this safety specification.Copies of the regulations may be
16、 obtained from The Office of the Secretary, U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.16 CFR Part 1303 Ban of Lead-Containing Paint andCertain Consumer Products Beari
17、ng Lead-ContainingPaint16 CFR Part 1500 Hazardous Substances Act Regulations,including sections:1500.48 Technical Requirements for Determining a SharpPoint in Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use byChildren Under 8 Years of Age1500.49 Technical Requirements for Determining a SharpMetal or Glass
18、Edge in Toys and Other Articles Intendedfor Use by Children Under 8 Years of Age16 CFR Part 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and OtherArticles Intended for Use by Children Under 3 Years ofAge Which Present Choking, Aspiration or IngestionHazards Because of Small Parts16 CFR Part 1632 Standard for th
19、e Flammability of Mat-tresses and Mattress Pads43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bed, nfor the purpose of this specification, a bunkbed, as described in 3.1.5.3.1.2 bed end structure, nupright unit at the head and footof the bed, to which the side rails attach.3
20、.1.3 bed post, nupright post at each corner of the bedstructure.3.1.4 bed structure, nfurniture parts assembled for thepurpose of providing a sleeping environment.3.1.5 bunk bed, nfor the purpose of this specification, anybed in which the underside of the foundation is over 30 in. (762mm) from the f
21、loor.3.1.6 cap, ndevice used to plug holes in the top of thecorner post. (See Fig. 1.)3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe holes are used for corner postextensions when a bunk bed is converted into single use beds.3.1.7 foundation, nof a bed, base or support for a mat-tress.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThe foundation may be
22、independentfrom or incorporated with the sleeping surface.3.1.8 foundation support system, nof a bed, those com-ponents of the bed structure that support the foundation.3.1.9 guardrail, nof a bed, rail attached to each long sideof the bed to help prevent a sleeping occupant from rolling orsliding ou
23、t of the bed.3.1.10 interior bed structure, ninterior faces of the siderails and bed end structures.3.1.11 mattress, nmanufactured product intended to beslept on, consisting of various resilient materials covered withan outer ticking.3.1.12 side rail, nof a bed structure, rail attached to thebed end
24、 structures to which the foundation support system isfastened.3.1.13 vertical protrusion, nprojection which, at the edge,is vertical or near vertical to the inside adjacent surface alongthe top of the component. (See Fig. 2.)3.1.13.1 DiscussionVertical protrusions may be remov-able or permanent.4. P
25、erformance Requirements4.1 Vertical Protrusions:4.1.1 All vertical protrusions along the top inside (Fig. 3)surfaces of any individual component (including but notlimited to bed end structures and guard rails) of the upper bunkshall not extend more than316 in. (5 mm) above the upper edge4If beds are
26、 accompanied by mattresses.FIG. 1 Examples of CapsF1427072of the adjacent surface. Ladder stiles (uprights) shall not extendmore than316 in. (5 mm) above the upper edge of the adjacentsurface.4.1.2 Any cap used along the top surface of the upper bunkshall not have a vertical protrusion greater than3
27、16 in. (5 mm)at the edge of the protrusion above the upper edge of theadjacent surface. If the cap is flush with or overhangs the edgeof the corner post or other vertical protrusion, the maximumvertical protrusion shall not exceed316 in. (5 mm). The capshall have a maximum height of no more than 20
28、% of thewidth or diameter of the cap (Fig. 4). At no point shall the capoverhang the post more than116 in. (2 mm). The cap shall fitflush with the top of the corner post.4.2 Fit of Top Bed to Bottom BedThe bed post shall bedesigned so that the minimum height of lift to allow horizontaldisengagement
29、of the top bed from the bottom bed shall be 114FIG. 2 Examples of Vertical ProtrusionsFIG. 3 Vertical ProtrusionsFIG. 4 Cap HeightF1427073in. (32 mm), or a fastening mechanism may be used that willprevent the disengagement of the top bed from the bottom bed.4.3 Mattress and Foundation Size and FitTh
30、ere shall beno gaps between the interior bed structure and the edges of themattress and foundation that will permit complete passage ofthe wedge block shown in Fig. 5 when tested in accordancewith 5.2.4.4 Foundation Support System:4.4.1 The foundation support system shall confine the hori-zontal pos
31、ition of the mattress and the foundation and shallprohibit the mattress and foundation from falling into theclearance over the lower bunk or to the floor when the mattressor foundation is manipulated.4.4.2 In the event cross-members are utilized, a minimum oftwo per bed are required. If more than tw
32、o cross-members areutilized, they shall be spaced so that the distance betweenadjacent cross-members or between the cross-members and thebed end structures will not permit complete passage of thewedge block or will allow complete passage of both the wedgeblock and the 9 in. (230 mm) diameter rigid s
33、phere when testedin accordance with 5.8.4.4.3 The foundation support system shall not be capable ofbeing dislodged without the release of positive fasteningdevices or the use of hand tools.4.4.4 The foundation support system shall not fail whentested in accordance with 5.3.4.5 Side Rails:4.5.1 Bolt-
34、On Side Rails, that attach at their ends or on theirside to the bed post, shall be secured at each end by two boltswith a minimum size of14-in. (6-mm) diameter or ISO/ANSIsize M6. For wood beds, these bolts shall be spaced a minimumof 112 in. (38 mm) apart on their centers. When the bolts arefully t
35、ightened in the assembled bed, no more than14 in. (6mm) of thread shall be exposed.4.5.2 Hook-On Side Rails, securely attached to the bed post.Hook-on attachments shall require an additional action otherthan an upwards force to disengage.4.5.3 Side Rail AttachmentsThere shall be no structuralfailure
36、 of bed side rail fastening systems when tested inaccordance with 5.4.4.6 Guardrails:4.6.1 Two guardrails shall accompany any bed in which theunderside of the foundation is over 30 in. (762 mm) from thefloor. Guardrails may be separate from or integral with theladder.4.6.2 Guardrails shall be attach
37、ed in a manner that requiresthe intentional release of a fastening device or be so designedthat they cannot be removed unless forces are applied sequen-tially in different directions.4.6.3 The upper edge of the guardrails shall be at least 5 in.(130 mm) above the sleeping surface when a mattress of
38、athickness that is the maximum specified by the manufacturersinstructions is used on the bed.4.6.4 With no mattress on the bed, there shall be noopenings in the rigid bed structure below the lower edge of anyopening of the guardrail that would permit complete passage ofthe wedge block shown in Fig.
39、5 when tested in accordancewith 5.5.4.6.5 Aguardrail may terminate before reaching the bed endstructure, providing there is no more than 15 in. (380 mm)between either end of the guardrail and the bed end structuresin the same plane when measured at a point 5 in. (127 mm)above the sleeping surface as
40、 established by the maximummattress thickness specified by the manufacturer. The secondguardrail may terminate before reaching the bed end structure.If this guardrail terminates before reaching the bed endstructure, there shall be no more than 0.22 in. (5.6 mm)between either end of the guardrail and
41、 the bed end structurewhen measured horizontally between the bed end structure andthe nearest point on the guardrail.4.7 Bed End Structure:4.7.1 The upper edge of the upper bunk end structures for atleast 50 % of the distance between the two posts at the headand foot of the upper bunk shall be at le
42、ast 5 in. (130 mm)above the sleeping surface when a mattress and foundation ofthe maximum size and thickness specified by the manufactur-ers instructional literature is used on the upper bunk.4.7.2 There shall be no openings in the rigid end structuresof the upper bunk that will permit the free pass
43、age of the wedgeblock shown in Fig. 5 when tested in accordance with 5.6.1.This requirement shall apply only to that portion of the bed endstructure that is above the foundation support system of theupper bunk.4.7.3 When tested in accordance with 5.6.2, there shall beno openings in the end structure
44、s of the lower bunk that willpermit free passage of the wedge block shown in Fig. 5, unlessthey are large enough to permit the free passage of a 9 in. (230mm) diameter rigid sphere. This requirement does not apply toopenings that are below the level of the lower bunk foundationsupport system. This r
45、equirement shall apply to that portion ofthe bed end structure that is between the level of the lowerbunk foundation support system and the level of the upperbunk foundation support system.4.7.4 When tested in accordance with 5.6.2.3 and 5.6.2.4, allportions of the boundary of any opening of the low
46、er bunk endFIG. 5 Wedge Block for Tests in 5.2.3, 5.5.1, and 5.6.1F1427074structure that permits free passage of a 9 in. (230 mm) diameterrigid sphere also must conform to the neck entrapment require-ment.54.8 Ladders:4.8.1 A lean-on (slanted) or hang-on (vertical) ladder shallbe supplied with each
47、bunk bed set or the ladder may beincorporated as part of the bed structure. The ladder may beseparate from or integral with the guardrail. The ladder shall beattached in a manner that prevents inadvertent disengagement,repositioning, or tilting while in use.4.8.2 The width of the ladder shall be no
48、less than 10 in.(250 mm) measured from the inside of the stiles. Verticalspacing of ladder steps shall be no greater than 12 in. (300 mm)when measured from the floor to the first step or between steps.When bed structures are used as ladders, vertical spacing maybe up to 16 in. (400 mm).4.9 Metal Bed
49、s: Frame and FasteningsThere shall be noseparation of any of the attachments of the foundation supportsystem to the end structures of the bed when tested inaccordance with 5.7.1.1 and 5.7.2.5. Test Methods5.1 Assemble the bed in accordance with the providedinstructions.5.2 Mattress and Foundation Size and Fit (see 4.3):5.2.1 Place the intended mattress and foundation, as speci-fied by the instructions, on the bed.5.2.2 Move the mattress and foundation horizontally toobtain the largest gap between the interior bed structure and theedge of the mattress a
