1、英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 10 及答案与解析一、简答题1 Do you think that the following passage is a coherent discourse? Why or why not?I bought a Ford. A car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A
2、week has seven days. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters.2 Find the general words which contribute to the coherence of the following extract, and discuss how each of these words is used.And what about interviewing, because you interview a number
3、 of politicians like, well, the Prime Minister or the Chancellor or the Exchequer. Is that an easy thing to do and how difficult is it when youre interviewing people that you dont particularly agree with or who get difficult with you during an interview?3 What is meant by the term idiolect?4 During
4、the 1976 presidential campaign, a Georgia state official was hoping that Governor Carter would be the next president, saying that it would be nice to have a president who did not have an accent. What do you think the state official meant by his remark?5 What is language planning, and how might it be
5、 carried out effectively?6 What is a pidgin, and how may it be distinguished from a Creole?7 Euphemisms abound for “toilet“(which is itself a euphemism). What are some of them? Can you judge them in terms of acceptability for various kinds of social functions and interactions?8 There are various sug
6、gestions why women tend to approximate more closely to the standard language than men do. What do you consider to be relevant factors? Why?9 Below are given some words used in British English for which different words are usually used in American English. See if you can match the British and America
7、n equivalents.British Americana. clothes peg A. candyb. braces B. truckc. lift C. lined. pram D. main streete. waistcoat E. crackersf. shop assistant F. suspendersg. sweets G. wrench h. boot(of a car)H. flashlighti. bobby I. potato chipsj. spanne J. vacationk. biscuits K. baby buggyl. queue L. eleva
8、torm. torch M. cann. underground N. copo. high street 0. wake upp. crisps P. trunkq. lorry Q. vestr. holiday R. subways. tin S. clothes pint. knock up T. clerk10 How do psycholinguistic investigations of language differ from theoretical linguistic investigations?11 Consider the following slips of th
9、e tongue. What does each reveal about the process of language production? They laked across the swim.The spy was gound and bagged.(3)I will zee you in the bark.12 “ I know what I want to say, but I cant find the word. “ What implication does this phenomenon have for the language and thought controve
10、rsy?13 Since 1949, great changes have taken place in China. Yet, the Chinese language has changed relatively little in terms of its basic syntax and phonology although some vocabulary changes, such as in forms of address, e. g. tongzhi(同志), xiaojie(小姐), and xiansheng(先生), have occurred. How does thi
11、s fact(that the world view of a people has changed radically but the language has changed little)relate to the claim that knowing and using a particular language shapes ones world view?14 The names of category prototypes tend to come to mind before those of peripheral examples. Check this hypothesis
12、 with two informal tests: Ask one group of friends to name as quickly as they can five types of dogs, birds, trees, and cars, and a second group to rate these examples according to their goodness-of-example status within the category. Compare the results and discuss reasons for discrepancies between
13、 the two tests.15 Compile a list of English prepositions from a grammar book and discuss why some of them seem to be more basic than others.16 According to Quinn(1987), the main metaphors with which Americans conceptualize MARRIAGE are:MARRIAGE IS A MANUFACTURED PRODUCTe. g. We want to work hard at
14、making our marriage strong.MARRIAGE IS AN ONGOING JOURNEYe. g. We went in a common direction.(3)MARRIAGE IS A DURABLE BOND BETWEEN TWO PEOPLEe. g. They are tied to each other. Find other linguistic expressions which reflect these three metaphors.17 Collect animal metaphors like “ He is a real pig“ o
15、r “ She is a fox“ from a dictionary and explain them with the notion of “source“ and “target“ domains.18 Look up definitions of emotion terms like “anger“ , “rage“ , “hate“ , “disgust“ , “fear“ , “panic“ , “love“ , “affection“ in several dictionaries and decide whether they are helpful as descriptio
16、ns of these emotions. Do these definitions make use of metonymies and metaphors?19 Find a child between two and four years old and play with him/her for about thirty minutes. Keep a list of all his/her Words and/or “sentences“ that are used inappropriately. Describe what are the possible meanings of
17、 these words. Describe the syntactic or morphological errors(including omissions). If the child is producing multi-word sentences, write a grammar that could account for the data you have collected.20 “Baby talk“ is a term used to label the word forms that many adults use when speaking to children.
18、Examples in English are choo-choo for “train“ and bow-wow for “dog“. Baby talk seems to exist in every language and culture. At least two things seem to be universal about baby talk: the words that have baby talk forms fall into certain semantic categories(for example, food and animals)and the words
19、 are “ phonetically simpler“ than the adult forms(for example, tummytmifor “stomach“stmk). List all the baby talk words you can think of in Chinese; then(1)separate them into semantic categories, and(2)try to state general rules for the kinds of phonological simplifications that occur.21 Discuss why
20、 second language learners, regardless of their first language, might produce forms such as goed, sheeps, and coulds given that they never hear these forms in input from native speakers of English. Give some other forms analogous to the above that might be generated.22 In what way does Mandarin Chine
21、se interfere with your English Studies? Give examples to illustrate your point.23 Identify the errors in the following sentences and explain the possible cause for each error;(1)Please do not hinder my work.(2)- Would you mind lending me your dictionary? - Yes, certainly.(3)During the meeting we dis
22、cussed about the research project.Alice is in poor health. She is easy to catch cold.The light can impress the film and in this way to fix the image of the film.The scenery is too beautiful to describe it.24 What happens when an interlanguage fossilizes? Have you ever experienced any fossilization i
23、n your language learning?25 What factors can you think of that might influence fossilization? In other words, do you think that some people are more likely to fossilize than others? Do you think it can be reversed? How?26 What advantages and disadvantages does the grammar-translation method have?27
24、If the communicative language teaching method is used in foreign language teaching, what changes are required from more traditional approaches?28 What are achievement tests?29 Explain the qualities of validity.30 Explain the qualities of reliability.英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 10 答案与解析一、简答题1 【正确答案】 The followin
25、g passage is obviously not a coherent discourse. Although the writer uses lots of cohesive devices like lexical cohesion through the repetition of the last word of the previous sentence at the beginning of the second one, the meaning of the whole discourse is unclear. The sentences are irrelevant to
26、 each other. A coherent discourse is not simply based on connections between the words. The fact we have to know is that by itself, cohesion would not be sufficient to enable us to make sense of what we read or hear. It is easy to create a highly cohesive discourse but which remains difficult to int
27、erpret. 【知识模块】 简答题2 【正确答案】 Words that contribute to the coherence of the extract are: and, because, that, it, or.Conjunction is one important cohesive device as we study the notion of cohesion. Conjunction involves those short linguistic forms that connect clauses and establish various kinds of rela
28、tions in between, such as and, or, because.Another cohesive device used here is the reference words. For example, that, it. These words do not have a self-evident meaning, to work out what they mean on particular occasion, we have to refer to something else. In this extract, both that and it refer t
29、o “interviewing politicians“.【知识模块】 简答题3 【正确答案】 Idiolects are varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation , grammar and vocabulary. Each individual in a speech community speaks in a characteristically individual way and makes special choice of words to ex
30、press his thoughts. Idiolects underscore the personal peculiarities, so no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. When we speak of “Shakespeares language“ or “Lu Xuns language“ , we are referring to their idiol
31、ects respectively.【知识模块】 简答题4 【正确答案】 The state official means the existence of the language phenomenon as diglossia. Diglossia refers to a situation that two very different varieties of the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions. Both varieties are standardized to
32、some degree and felt to be alternatives by native speakers and usually have special names. Usually the more standard variety is called the High-variety or H-variety, the other is called Low-variety or L-variety. The High-variety has greater social prestige, while the Low-variety is used in relativel
33、y informal contexts. Therefore, in a speech community like the U. S. , some people speak relatively standard English while some have accents. The officials remark obviously is discrimination towards those campaigners who got an accent and is definitely wrong and impolite. There is no such a differen
34、ce between the status of languages or language varieties; no one is superior or inferior to others, as long as it can serve its users well.【知识模块】 简答题5 【正确答案】 Governments and people carefully examine all the language and dialects in the country and decide which is the standard, official language or l
35、anguages and specify their scope of use. They also make plans for the regional use and/or development of other languages and dialects. This is now called language planning. Through language planning, an official language policy is established and implemented.The official attempt may concentrate on e
36、ither of the status of a language with regard to some other language or variety or its internal condition with a view to change it. Language planning may involve both of these aspects, the first is called status planning and the second is corpus planning.【知识模块】 简答题6 【正确答案】 A pidgin is a variety of a
37、 language that is not a native language of anyone, but is learned on contact situations such as trading. A pidgin is usually based on one language, though it soon takes on substances of other languages. It usually has a limited vocabulary and much reduced grammatical structure which may expand when
38、it is used over a long time or for many purposes. Sometimes , a pidgin dies out of its own accord.When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a Creole. Creole has large numbers of native speakers and is not restricted at
39、 all in their use. Once a Creole is in existence, it may continue almost without change; it may evolve further into a normal language or gradually merge with its base language through decreolization.【知识模块】 简答题7 【正确答案】 Euphemism for toilet; Mens room, Ladys room, Rest room, Powder room, Lavatory, and
40、 so on.When we are together with intimate people such as friends or family members, we can ask them about the position of toilet or lavatory. However, if we are in public places, together with people we are not so familiar, such as business partner, fresh acquaintances, especially people of the othe
41、r sex, we seldom use toilet, lavatory and WC. We prefer to use more polite words like gentlemens/ladys room, rest room instead. Sometimes, ladies use powder room as if they are going to powder their face, and then comes the expression “ I have to powder my nose. “ which actually means that she is go
42、ing to answer the call of nature.【知识模块】 简答题8 【正确答案】 In my opinion, the fact that women tend to approximate more closely to the standard language than men do is related to their social positions.Women, from a historical perspective, were in an inferior position to men. To obtain same right, women are
43、 constantly in struggling with discriminations. A sense of social role leads to a language consciousness inevitably. So they do their best to use more of a standard and prestigious speech patterns in their community. From the point of culture, girls are taught to be gentle and quiet. There are more
44、taboo words for women than men, swearwords and four-letter-words are considered to be unbearable for women. Besides, mens and womens different social roles and field of activities are important factors. Men are rated socially by their occupation, income and other abilities, while for the most of the
45、 time womens ability and potentiality are underrated or even denied. Therefore, women have to find other way to maintain and raise their social status, one of which isthrough language.【知识模块】 简答题9 【正确答案】 a-S b-Fc-L d-Ke-Q f-Tg-A h-Pi-N j-Gk-E l-Cm-H n-Ro-D p-Iq-B r-Js-M t-O【知识模块】 简答题10 【正确答案】 There a
46、re two possible directions of study in psycholinguistics. One is that we may use language as a way of explaining psycholinguistic theories and processes, for example, the role of language as it influences memory, perception, attention and learning. And it is for this that the term psycholinguistics
47、is sometimes used. The other is that we may study the effects of psychological constraints on the use of language, for example, how memory limitations affect speech production and comprehension. It is the latter which has provided the main focus of interest in linguistics, where the subject is basic
48、ally regarded as the study of the mental processes underlying the planning , production, perception and comprehension of speech.【知识模块】 简答题11 【正确答案】 ExchangeDeletion(gound - ground)Shift(zee, bark - see, park)【知识模块】 简答题12 【正确答案】 According to Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, language system forms thought or is
49、 necessary for thought. What we are thinking determines what we are trying to say. However, the actual phenomenon that occurs like “I know what I want to say, but I cant find the word. “ obviously poses challenge to this idea. Because we already have the thought before we get the language.【知识模块】 简答题13 【正确答案】 The fact that the world view of a people has changed radically but the language has changed little shows that there are theoretical problem in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. If the strong versionlinguistic determinism is true, then language determines thought, there
