1、英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 28 及答案与解析汉译英1 包容性增长2 野生动物园3 (世博会之 )展馆4 与台湾关系法(美国)英译汉5 The Center, for the Implementation of Public Policies Promoting Equity and Growth(CIP-PEC)is a leading think tank in Argentina. It is a private, non-profit organization that strives to create a more just, democratic and efficient p
2、ublic sector in Argentina, and is devoted to the study of the education, health, fiscal, political, judicial and public management systems, in order to determine needs, opportunities, and obstacles for the implementation of effective public policies.The think tank elaborates and disseminates technic
3、al information about the functioning of Argentine institutions to promote the accountability of public officials. CIPPEC also provides technical assistance to provincial governments and municipalities, and maintains regional networks working on topics such as parliamentary transparency, democratic i
4、nstitutions, regional integration, etc. Its current projects consist of two training courses on quantitative methods to analyze international trade and financial tools for SMEs as well as a joint study on a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system for the agency.6 The huge earthquake that hit
5、off the coast of northeastern Miyagi prefecture earlier this year was a harsh reminder of the more elemental dangers that can threaten economic activity on the crowded and seismically vulnerable Japanese archipelago. Weighing the full implications of the natural disaster will take time. Yet the eart
6、hquake at the very least throws a huge question mark over an economic recovery that economists had hoped would gather steam in 2011 after stalling in the last three months of 2010. Although the areas worst hit are far less economically significant than the coastal industry zones, which suffered wide
7、spread stoppages after the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the disaster could heighten recent uncertainty among consumers and investors about the prospects for Japan s continued recovery from its worst postwar recession.Learning from the lessons of the devastating disaster in 1995, the government and insuranc
8、e companies have been actively encouraging even smaller companies to draw up detailed “ business continuity plans“ intended to minimize losses and aid quick recoveries. In the longer term, the earthquake is certain to force heavy spending on construction and public works in the affected region. The
9、terrifying footage of tsunami carrying away whole buildings makes it clear that dealing with the damage will require huge effort and heavy investment.7 The Dead Sea, shared by Israel and Jordan, is the lowest spot on Earth. Its shoreline is a-bout 400 meters below sea level. As the world s saltiest
10、large body of water, averaging a salt content 6 times higher than that of any ocean, the Dead Sea supports no life. With no outlet, the water that flows into the Dead Sea evaporates in the hot, arid air, leaving the minerals. The Jordan River is the chief source of the incoming water, but since the
11、1960s much of its water has been diverted for irrigation. Its length has already shrunk by more than a third, and, while the sea will never entirely disappear due to evaporation slowing down as surface area decreases and saltiness increases, the Dead Sea as we know it could become a thing of the pas
12、t.8 Cambridge psychologists and computer scientists have developed a mobile phone technology which can tell if a caller is happy, angry, bored or sad. The Emotion Sense technology will enable psychologists to show links between moods, location and people. It uses speech-recognition software and phon
13、e sensors attached to standard smart phones to assess how people s emotions are influenced by day-to-day factors.The sensors analyze voice samples and then place them into 5 emotional categories: happiness, sadness, fear, anger and a neutral category(such as boredom or passivity). Scientists then cr
14、oss-reference these emotions against surroundings, the time of day and the caller s relationship with the person they are speaking to. Results from a pilot scheme revealed that callers are happier at home, sadder at work and display more intense emotions in the evenings.9 Acting recently as an exper
15、t witness in a murder trial, I became aware of a small legal problem caused by the increasingly multicultural nature of our society. According to English law, a man is guilty of murder if he kills someone with the intention either to kill or to injure seriously. But he is guilty of the lesser crime
16、of manslaughter if he has been sufficiently provoked or if his state of mind at the time was abnormal enough to reduce his responsibility. The legal test here is a comparison with the supposedly ordinary manthe man on the Clapham omnibus, as the legal cliche has it. Would that ordinary person feel p
17、rovoked under similar circumstances? Was the accused s state of mind at the time of the killing very different from that of an average man?10 Sparkling or still? Spring or tap? Imported or domestic? Flavored or plain? There s nothing simple about a drink of water, now that the bottled stuff outsells
18、 both milk and beer in the United States. In just a couple of decades, we ve become a nation awash in bottled waterwith tens of billions of plastic empties to prove ittransforming the Drinking Fountain on a city street into a dated curiosity akin to the public telephone booth.How one of life s basic
19、 necessities became a heavily marketed beverage in a plastic bottle is the subject of Elizabeth Royte s new book Bottlemania: How Water Went on Sale and Why We Bought It. Royte, an environmental journalist based in Brooklyn, N. Y. , shares the many, sometimes bizarre, unintended consequences of crac
20、king open that plastic seal.11 The stages of a writer s professional life are marked not by a name on all office door, but by a name in ink. There was the morning when my father came home carrying a stack of Sunday papers because my byline was on page one, and the evening that I persuaded a security
21、 guard to hand over an early edition, still warm from the presses, with my first column. But there s nothing to compare to the day when someone hands over a hardcover book with your name on the cover. I m just not sure the moment would have had the same grandeur had my work been downloaded instead i
22、nto an e-reader.Reading is not simply an intellectual pursuit but an emotional and spiritual one. That s why it survives. There are still millions of people who like the paper version, at least for now. And if that changeswell, what is a book, really? Is it its body, or its soul?12 Laughlin acknowle
23、dges that “a lot of responsible people“ are worried about atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. This has, he says, “the potential“ to modify the weather by raising average temperatures several degrees centigrade and that governments have taken “ significant, althoug
24、h ineffective,“ steps to slow the warming. “ On the scales of time relevant to itself, the earth doesn t care about any of these governments or their legislation. “Someday, all the fossil fuels that used to be in the ground will be burned. After that, in about a millennium, the earth will dissolve m
25、ost of the resulting carbon dioxide into the oceans. The dissolving will leave the concentration in the atmosphere only slightly higher than today s. Then “ over tens of millennia, or perhaps hundreds“ the earth will transfer the excess carbon dioxide into its rocks, “eventually returning levels in
26、the sea and air to what they were before humans arrived on the scene. “ This will take an eternity as humans reckon, but a blink in geologic time.13 As 56 million children return to the nation s 133, 000 elementary and secondary schools, the promise of “reform“ is again in the air. Education Secreta
27、ry Arne Duncan has announced $4 billion in Race to the Top grants to states whose proposals demonstrated, according to Duncan, “ a bold commitment to education reform“ and “ creativity and innovationthat isbreathtaking. “ What they really show is that few subjects inspire more intellectual dishonest
28、y and political puffery than “school reform. “To be sure, some improvements have occurred in elementary schools. But what good are they if theyre erased by high school? There s also been a modest narrowing in the high-school achievement gaps between whites, blacks, and Hispanics, although the narrow
29、ing generally stopped in the late 1980s.(Average scores have remained stable because, although blacks and Hispanics scores have risen slightly, the size of these minority groups has also expanded. This means that their still-low scores exert a bigger drag on the average. The two effects offset each
30、other.)14 An equally exciting area for research is to genetically alter crops to get higher yields from soils that are infertile or too acidic, toxic, or saline for varieties now in use. Vast land areas of the earth are either not utilized, or are underutilized for economically important crop produc
31、tion. Marketable yields have been obtained in California with a salt-tolerant research line of barly irrigated with water from Pacific Ocean. This genetic approach to saline crop production has been proven with barley, and is applicable to other crops. Barley grown with seawater was found satisfacto
32、ry as a feed, and yields were appreciable. This development could be the shape of things to come in genetically opening a vast new, heretofore inaccessible, water resource for crop production. Few regulatory constraints would likely be leveled on this new technology. Genetically controlled plant nut
33、rition will surely play a key role in the future of crop production.Genetic resources will continue to be utilized for improvement of the nutritional(biological)value of food crops. Cereals still dominate the diets of most people. Progress in genetically raising the levels of protein and critically
34、deficient amino acids in cereal grains has been singular.15 Even discussions of architectural esthetics have taken a strange turn. The Bloomberg Tower is now finished, dominating the skyline in one area of midtown Manhattan; love it or hate it, it s quite a building. “I just wish it wasn t so tall“
35、, someone lamented at dinner.The citizens of New York, who live in the spiritual home of the skyscraper, now fear the office tower and the high-rise. In San Francisco they build structures that are earth-quakeproof. But there s no structural steel, no reinforced foundation, that can ward off fear.It
36、 s been nearly five years since all area in the southernmost part of Manhattan was renamed Ground Zero. On September 11 , 2001 , New York became a city of survivors: That s on a sliding scale, of course: it would be all insult to claim otherwise.16 Every country with a monetary system of its own has
37、 to have some kind of market in which dealers in bills, notes, and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell. The “money market“ , is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and short term credit. The need for such facilities ar
38、ises in much the same way that a similar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the products of a diversified economy to their final users at the retail level. If the retailer is to provide reasonably adequate service to his customers , he must have active contacts with others who s
39、pecialize in making or handing bulk quantities of whatever is his stock in trade. The money market is made up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind. It exists for the purpose of improving the ability of the retailers of financial servicescommercial banks, savings institutions, investment ho
40、uses, lending agencies, and even governmentsto do their job. It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase their securities or borrow from them.17 The concept captured the Zeitgeist of the personal computer revolution. Many
41、young people, especially those in the counterculture, had viewed computers as instruments that could be used by Orwellian governments and giant corporations to sap individuality. But by the end of the 1970s, they were also being seen as potential tools for personal empowerment. The ad cast Macintosh
42、 as a warrior for the latter causea cool, rebellious and heroic company that was the only thing standing in the way of the big evil corporation s plan for world domination and total mind control.Once again Jobs would end up suffering bad publicity without making a penny. Apple s stock price kept dro
43、pping, and by March 2003 even the new options were so low that Jobs traded in all of them for an outright grant of $ 75 million worth of shares, which amounted to about $ 8. 3 million for each year he had worked since coming back in 1997 through the end of the vesting in 2006.None of this would have
44、 mattered much if the Wall Street Journal had not run a powerful series in 2006 about backdated stock options. Apple wasn t mentioned, but its board appointed a committee of three membersAl Gore, Eric Schmidt of Google, and Jerry York, formerly of IBM and Chryslerto investigate its own practices. “
45、We decided at the outset that if Steve was at fault we would let the chips fall where they may,“ Gore recalled. The committee uncovered some irregularities with Jobs s grants and those of other top officers, and it immediately turned the findings over to the SEC. Jobs was aware of the backdating, th
46、e report said, but he ended up not benefiting financially.(A board committee at Disney also found that similar backdating had occurred at Pixar when Jobs was in charge.)The laws governing such backdating practices were murky, especially since no one at Apple ended up benefiting from the dubiously da
47、ted grants. The SEC took eight months to do its own investigation , and in April 2007 it announced that it would not bring action against Apple “ based in part on its swift, extensive, and extraordinary cooperation in the Commission s investigationand itsprompt self-reporting. “ Although the SEC fou
48、nd that Jobs had been aware of the backdating, itcleared him of any misconduct because he “ was unaware of the accounting implications.The SEC did file complaints against Apple s former Chief financial officer Fred Anderson, who was on the board, and general counsel Nancy Heinen. Anderson, a retired
49、 Air Force captain with a square jaw and deep integrity, had been a wise and calming influence at Apple, where he was known for his ability to control Jobs s tantrums. He was cited by the SEC only for “negligence“ regarding the paperwork for one set of the grants(not the ones that went to Jobs), and the SEC allowed him to continue to serve on corporate boards. Nevertheless he ended up resigning from the Apple board.18 Is the world headed for a food crisis? India, Mexico and Yemen have seen food riots this year. What s the cause for these shortage
