1、英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 85 及答案与解析英译汉1 The 1992 Rio conference was a high watermark for environmental law. Despite all the many accomplishments since then, we must now acknowledge that Rio has not fulfilled the promises with which the world invested it. After 50 years of diligent and sophisticated work by env
2、ironmental lawyers on legislation, regulation, principles, treaties, and judicial decisions, how is it that the “ actual landscape“ of the worlds resources is still “slipping two steps backward for each forward stride“?Part of the explanation for that disappointing result can be found in the stateme
3、nts issued by a distinguished international collection of prosecutors, judges, and legal scholars at the Rio + 20-re-lated World Congress on Justice, Governance, and Law for Environmental Sustainability. They focused almost exclusively on matters of substantive doctrine and legal procedure. Recommit
4、ment to enhancing “law“ in this narrow sensea body of formal rules and principles and the judicial and prosecutorial mechanisms for their application and enforcementcertainly has great value, and that work should go forward vigorously. But the ongoing ecological deterioration is traceable in large p
5、art to pervasive social and political attitudes favoring a growth-based model of economic “development“ that steadily intensifies human appropriation of planetary resources.To address the root of the problem, it will be argued here, environmental law needs a more expansive society-based conception o
6、f “law“, one that activates law as a social institution engaged broadly with the habits and customs, the expectations and aspirations, of people and organizations in their daily lives. Environmental lawyers, then, need a fresh and bold reimagination of their mission, to hone and use their persuasive
7、 and analytical skills in creative ways to alter the social dynamic underlying environmental change and to foment a deep commitment to effective stewardship of resources.2 Never before had the world such a tremendous scientific-technical potential, such a capacity to generate wealth and well-being.
8、Authentic technological wonders that have made any place in the world to be always close with regard to distances and communications have not been capable of bringing well-being for everybody, but only for a meager 15% living in the countries of the North. The abysm between North and South is now so
9、 huge, that the unsustainability of the current economic order and the blindness of the people who try to justify continuing to enjoy opulence and waste, are evident.The great possibilities that a globalization of solidarity and true cooperation could bring to all people in the world through the sci
10、entific-technical wonders, have been reduced by the neo-liberal model to this grotesque caricature full of exploitation and social injustice. We were asked to be ultra-liberal in trade and to lift any barrier, which may obstruct the imports coming from the North, but the oral champions of free trade
11、 actually are the champions in the praxis of protectionism. The North spends one billion dollars a day in practicing what has been banned from doing, that is, subsidizing inefficient products. Today, vis-a-vis the obvious failure of neoliberalism and the great threat that the International Economic
12、Order represents for the South, it is necessary to retake the Spirit of the South by forming an alliance among ourselves.3 After months of speculation, the final 22,000-character overview of Chinas “third plenum“ was published on November 15 th. In the economic sphere the document turned out to be b
13、older than the initial summary suggested, but the documents interest lies not just in the economic reforms, which were anticipated. More striking were some of the social changes the document announced, such as the relaxation of the one-child policy. A couple in which one parent is an only child will
14、 be allowed to have two children, and the policy is likely to be loosened even further. In another widely welcomed move, labour camps are to be abolished.But possibly the most important announcements were buried deep in the document and grabbed fewer headlines. Two moves in particular, namely allowi
15、ng the development of “ social organisations“ or NGOs in essence and the separation of judicial jurisdiction systems from administrative areas, showed that the party is sensitive to the ferment in Chinese society and the demands for greater liberty and accountability that accompany it. That these tw
16、o gestures towards reform were mentioned at all is encouraging, and the world is keen to know whether Chinese leadership will honor their words in the plenary document that they “ dare to gnaw through even tough bones, dare to ford dangerous rapids, break through the fetters of ideological concepts
17、with even greater resolution. “4 The Center, for the Implementation of Public Policies Promoting Equity and Growth ( CIP-PEC) is a leading think tank in Argentina. It is a private, non-profit organization that strives to create a more just, democratic and efficient public sector in Argentina, and is
18、 devoted to the study of the education, health, fiscal, political, judicial and public management systems, in order to determine needs, opportunities, and obstacles for the implementation of effective public policies.The think tank elaborates and disseminates technical information about the function
19、ing of Argentine institutions to promote the accountability of public officials. CIPPEC also provides technical assistance to provincial governments and municipalities, and maintains regional networks working on topics such as parliamentary transparency, democratic institutions, regional integration
20、, etc. Its current projects consist of two training courses on quantitative methods to analyze international trade and financial tools for SMEs as well as a joint study on a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system for the agency. (155 words)5 The huge earthquake that hit off the coast of nort
21、heastern Miyagi prefecture earlier this year was a harsh reminder of the more elemental dangers that can threaten economic activity on the crowded and seismically vulnerable Japanese archipelago. Weighing the full implications of the natural disaster will take time. Yet the earthquake at the very le
22、ast throws a huge question mark over an economic recovery that economists had hoped would gather steam in 2011 after stalling in the last three months of 2010. Although the areas worst hit are far less economically significant than the coastal industry zones, which suffered widespread stoppages afte
23、r the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the disaster could heighten recent uncertainty among consumers and investors about the prospects for Japan s continued recovery from its worst postwar recession.Learning from the lessons of the devastating disaster in 1995, the government and insurance companies have been
24、 actively encouraging even smaller companies to draw up detailed “ business continuity plans“ intended to minimize losses and aid quick recoveries. In the longer term, the earthquake is certain to force heavy spending on construction and public works in the affected region. The terrifying footage of
25、 tsunami carrying away whole buildings makes it clear that dealing with the damage will require huge effort and heavy investment. (212 words)英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 85 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 1992 年的里约会议标志着环境法达到了最高水平。尽管此后环境保护硕果累累，但我们现在必须承认，对于世界人民给予资金支持的诺言，里约会议并未实现。50 多年来，环境法的律师制定或修改法律、规章、准则、条约并做出司法判决，他们勤奋地做着这些高深复杂的
26、工作，但是世界资源的“现状” 仍然“每前进一步都倒退两步 ”是怎么回事?这一结果令人失望，其中部分原因可以在全世界杰出的检察官、法官和法律学者发布的言论合集中找到，他们在里约+20 的相关世界会议上就司法、管理和环境可持续发展的法律发表了看法。他们几乎完全侧重于实际法令及法律程序等事宜。他们再次决心加强狭义的“ 法制 ”一整套正规的规定和准则以及实施、强化这些法律的司法和执法机制这当然意义重大，这项工作也应如火如荼进行。但在很大程度上，持续的生态恶化应归结于普遍存在的社会和政治态度，这一态度支持以增长为基础的经济发展模式，而这又使人类不断加强对地球资源的利用。为了从根源上解决这一问题，我们将在
27、这里讨论环境法需要“法律” 概念在社会上得到更广泛的普及，这样才能促使法律作为一种社会制度广泛地融人到习惯和习俗、期望和愿望以及人和组织的日常生活中去。然后，环保律师需要对自己的使命有着全新的明确认识，锻炼自己的说服技巧和分析技巧，并创造性地利用其来改变环境变化的基础，即社会动力，以此激发人们深深致力于资源的有效管理。2 【正确答案】 世界从未像现在这样具有如此惊人的科技潜力和创造财富与幸福的能力。真正的科技奇迹已经将世界的每一个角落都紧密联系在一起，但是却没有造福于所有人，因为仅有 15的生活在北半球的人才享受到了科技的福利。在如今南北之间的鸿沟如此巨大的局势下，当前经济秩序的不可持续性以及
28、人们追求物质享受与挥霍的盲目性显而易见。全球化的团结与真正的合作原本可以通过科技奇迹给全世界人民带来无限可能，但是新自由主义模式却将这一美好蓝图变成了一幅充满剥削和不公的荒诞景象。国际社会倡导我们践行贸易极端自由主义并消除一切可能会妨碍从北半球国家进口商品的贸易壁垒，但是自由贸易真正的赢家却还是那些事实上践行贸易保护主义的国家。北半球国家每天都会花费近十亿美元专做明文禁止的事，也就是为低效率产品提供补贴。当前，新自由主义已经式微，国际经济秩序给南半球国家带来的是更多的威胁；我们非常有必要重振旗鼓，在内部形成强大的联盟。3 【正确答案】 经过数月的酝酿，22 万字的“三中全会” 工作报告终于在
29、11月 15 日面世。在经济领域，该报告正文比摘要部分提到的要更加大胆，不过该报告不只是着眼于大家已经预料到的经济改革，其中更引人注目的是文件中提出的社会改革，诸如放宽计划生育限制等。如果夫妻有一方是独生子女，他们就可以在政策允许的范围内生第二胎，这一宽限还将继续向前推进。在另一项广受欢迎的举措中，劳改营将会被取缔。但是，最重要的信息或许还隐藏在文件中，没有引起过多的关注。特别是其中的两项改革，其一是准许“ 社会团体 ”(实质上就是非政府组织)的发展，其二是将司法审判体系同行政管理体系分离。这些政策措施反映了中国共产党积极响应当前社会的群众要求，尤其是争取自由以及问责的权利。这两项改革措施非常
30、鼓舞人心，世界也非常关注中国领导人是否会履行诺言，就像三中全会文件中说的那样，“敢于啃硬骨头，敢于涉险滩，既勇于冲破思想观念的障碍，又勇于突破利益固化的藩篱”。4 【正确答案】 平等和增长公共政策中心(CIPPEC)是阿根廷的一家重要智库。该中心是一家私人的非营利性组织，致力于在阿根廷创建一个更公正、民主和高效的公共部门。同时，它也专注于研究教育、卫生、财政、政治、司法和公共管理系统，以便为有效公共政策的实施确定需求、机会和障碍。智库详细阐述并广泛传播阿根廷相关机构运行的技术信息资料，以促进公职人员履行责任。CIPPEC 还为省级政府和市政当局提供技术援助，并保证区域网络致力于以下工作议题，如
31、议会透明度、民主制度、区域一体化等。它当前的项目包括两个培训课程：用定量方法为中小企业分析国际贸易和金融工具，以及为该机构联合研究一个全面监测和评价系统。5 【正确答案】 今年年初，一场强地震重创了日本东北部宫城地区海岸。这个触目惊心的事件提醒人们，还有一些更为基本的风险可能会威胁到人口稠密、易受地震冲击的日本列岛上的经济活动。衡量自然灾害的全面影响需要时间。不过，这场地震至少给日本经济复苏划上了一个巨大的问号经济学家们原本期望，在2010 年后三个季度陷入停滞后，2011 年经济会迅猛发展。虽然受灾最重地区在经济上的重要性远不及关西地区的沿海工业区在 1995 年神户地震之后，该地区经济遭受了大范围中断，但是这场灾难可能会加深消费者和投资者对日本经济能否持续保持从战后严重衰退中复苏的不确定性。吸取了 1995 年那场毁灭性灾难的教训，日本政府和保险公司在积极鼓励各家企业(哪怕是一些小企业) 拟定详细的“ 商业应急方案“，旨在尽最大可能降低损失，并帮助它们迅速恢复。长期而言，这场地震势必会促使受灾地区在建筑和公共建设工程方面大举投入。那些海啸卷走整座建筑物的恐怖画面表明，应对损害将需要巨大的努力和高额投资。
