1、英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 12 及答案与解析英译汉1 Since the earliest times in England, the traveler s inn has always been a warm and hospitable place, a gathering place for voyagers to rest and recover. The tireless landlord, the local customers sharing drinks and food, the welcoming atmosphere, have all become part o
2、f the legend of the typical English country and city life. In later centuries, the English tavern took on the role of community gathering place, being the location where friendly chatter and fierce social debate mixed with business discussions, and food, wine, beer and coffee were consumed as the no
3、ise of convivial exchanges rose.In modern times, the English pub often continues to function as the communal meeting place, especially for people whose homes are too small to entertain any number of guests or friends. In many Asian countries, the local restaurant serves a similar social function.In
4、Ireland, the pub has acted as a central attraction for poorer villagers in the rural areas, and as a literary and social focus in the cities. In keeping with the sociable nature of pub gatherings, music as well as talk has become a central part of this institution in Ireland.Now people around the wo
5、rld are able to experience the friendly nature of the Irish pub, which follows in the wake of its English equivalent as a welcome and growing expert. English pubs have been found in America, in parts of Europe and throughout the world where English pub is witnessing an outburst of international popu
6、larity as westerns turn away from their television and computer screens and seek to put a human face to their social contacts. They are finding it in the bars and corners of Irish pubs where Guinness stout, the Irish national drink, is available in the tall dark creamy pint glasses and Irish music i
7、s the regular fare.An international representative for the Irish manufacturers of Jameson s whiskey, Patrick Mc-Carville, points out that while the world has been laughing at Irish jokes (a stereotype of the Irish way of life) , the Irish have been quietly carrying out an economic coup which is seen
8、 in the evidence of the explosion of Irish pubs.2 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.
9、There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an ot
10、herwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospit
11、ality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didnt take in t
12、he stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US
13、, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “ I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinneramazing. “ Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood pro
14、perly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies
15、all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate“ cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend“ , the cul
16、tural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expec
17、t from both neighbors and strangers.3 “ Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather. “ This statement, often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country, is both revealing and true. It is revealing because in it we see the Englishman insistin
18、g once again that what happens in England is not the same as what happens elsewhere; its truth can be ascertained by any foreigner who stays in the country for longer than a few days. In England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme. The snag is that we never can be
19、 sure when the different sorts of weather in one day, but we may very well get a spell of winter in summer and vice versa.This uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman s character; it tends to make him cautious, for example. The foreigner may laugh when he sees the
20、 Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in the day! The English weather has also helped to make the Englishman adaptable. It has been said that one of the reasons why the English colonized so much
21、 of the world was that, whatever the weather conditions they met abroad, they had already experienced something like them at home!And, of course, the weather s variety provides a constant topic of conversation. Even the most taciturn of Englishmen is always prepared to discuss the weather. And, thou
22、gh he sometimes complains bitterly of it, he would not, even if he could, exchange it for the more predictable climate of other lands.4 It used to be said that English people take their pleasures sadly. No doubt this would still be true if they had any pleasures to take, but the price of alcohol and
23、 tobacco in my country has provided sufficient external causes for melancholy. I have sometimes thought that the habit of taking pleasures sadly has crossed the Atlantic. And I have wondered what it is that makes so many English-speaking people somber in their outlook in spite of good health and a g
24、ood income.In the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer. Most social reformers have held the opinion that, if poverty were abolished and there were no more e
25、conomic insecurity, the millennium would have arrived. But when I look at the faces of people in opulent cars, whether in your country or in mine, I do not see that look of radiant happiness which the aforesaid social reformers had led me to expect. In nine cases out of ten, I see instead a look of
26、boredom and discontent and an almost frantic longing for something that might tickle the jaded palate.But it is not only the very rich who suffer in this way. Professional men very frequently feel hopelessly thwarted. There is something that they long to do or some public object that they long to wo
27、rk for. But if they were to indulge their wishes in these respects, they fear that they would lose their livelihood. Their wives are equally unsatisfied, for their neighbor, Mrs. So-and-So, has gone ahead more quickly, has a better car, a larger apartment and grander friends.Life for almost everybod
28、y is a long competitive struggle where very few can win the race, and those who do not win are unhappy. On social occasions when it is de rigueur to seem cheerful, the necessary demeanor is stimulated by alcohol. But the gaiety does not ring true and anybody who had drunk too much is apt to lapse in
29、to lachrymose melancholy.5 The second admirable quality of our gentry and professional class is the refusal to take bribes. Perhaps “refusal“ is too strong a word, for he would be a daring man who even attempted to bribe this type of gentleman. “It would be like violating a nun!“ as a “crook“ once s
30、aid to me, when for a moment he contemplated buying a private advantage from an English official. It is seldom thought of, and it is hardly ever done. Our Civil Servants in India, for instance, have repeated opportunities of making a lot of money by taking bribes, but I remember only one case of eve
31、n a suspicion of corruption. This reputation for incorruptibility is the greatest of our advantages in administering the Empire. Its rarity among nearly all the other peoples I have known raises our officials almost to the level of divine superiority, and without it we could not hold the Empire toge
32、ther, nor would it be worth the pains. A businessman who has worked long under the system of concessions in Russia tells me that it is now impossible to bribe the Commissar or other high officials there. That is an immense advance, for under Tsarism one had only to signify the chance of a good bribe
33、 and one got what one wanted. But nowadays on the suspicion of bribery both parties are shot off-hand. It is a drastic way of teaching what we have somehow learnt so smoothly that we are scarcely conscious of the lesson or of our need of it. Yet there was need. Less than two centuries ago, bribery r
34、an riot among our aristocracy and politicians, so that a Prime Minister could boast that every man had his price. The change is remarkable, and in spite of all that can be justly said against our Public Schools, I think it may be traced to an unconscious sense of honour somehow instilled among the b
35、oys.英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 12 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 从最古老的年代起，英国的旅客客栈就一直是温馨好客的地方，旅行者可聚集在那里休养生息。那不知疲倦的店主，前来饮酒就餐的当地人以及店中好客的气氛，都已经成了典型的英国城乡生活的一个佳话。在后来的几个世纪中，英国的客栈成了社区公众聚集的地方，在那里人们友好地闲聊，就社会问题进行激烈的争论，还有的人在谈生意，他们一边进行欢快喧闹的交流，一边吃饭，一边喝些葡萄酒、啤酒或咖啡。在现代社会，英国酒吧继续成为公众聚集的地方，特别是有些人因家居狭窄，不便应酬宾客或朋友，便常光顾酒店。在许多亚洲国家，当地饭馆也具有同样的社会功能。在
36、爱尔兰，客栈在乡间是吸引贫穷人们的聚首之地，在城市，酒吧则成了文化和社会的中心，为了跟上酒吧中公众聚集的交际需求，音乐和交谈成了爱尔兰酒吧的中心内容。现在全世界的人们都能感受到爱尔兰酒吧的友善，它们紧步英国酒吧的后尘，成了热情好客的行家里手。在美国、欧洲的一些地区，甚至是在全世界，英国酒吧迅速地受到世人的欢迎，这是由于西方人远离了电视和计算机屏幕，而去追求面对面的社交。他们在爱尔兰酒吧或是酒馆中，能喝到吉尼斯烈性黑啤酒，这种酒盛在高高的黑色的含有大量奶油的品脱杯中，是爱尔兰的国酒。人们在酒吧里也能常常享受到爱尔兰音乐。贾米森威士忌在爱尔兰酿造厂的国际代表，帕特里克?麦卡维尔指出，当人们一直在对
37、爱尔兰笑话放声嘲弄时(这指的是一种陈腐的爱尔兰生活方式)，爱尔兰人正悄然兴起一场迅猛的经济变革，爱尔兰酒吧的骤变就是可见的证明。【知识模块】 英译汉2 【正确答案】 去美国的参观者不断提出一种说法：美国人对他们是多么的友好，热情，并且乐于助人。公平而言，这种现象描述对加拿大和加拿大人也是存在的。并且可以认为在北美都存在。当然也有例外，小心眼的公务员，粗鲁的服务员，不礼貌的出租车司机在美国也不是不存在的。但是这种说法如此普遍，因此值得深究。很长一段时间以来在这个国家的很多部分，一个旅行者都是一个受欢迎的“闯入者”，枯燥和孤独沉闷的生活，是那些彼此居住很遥远的家庭的通常难题。陌生人和旅行者是生活多
38、样性的来源，并且带来外面世界的消息。边境的艰苦现实也形成了热情好客的传统。一个人单独旅行，如果饥饿受伤或者患病，除了向最近的小屋或者居民寻求帮助以外，没有别的地方可以去。对旅行者来说这不是一个可以选择的问题，对定居者也不是一时的慈善冲动。这仅仅是反映了日常生活的艰苦，如果不收留这个陌生人并照顾他，那么就没有其他人可以这样做。而且要记住，也许有一天你也会遇到同样情况。今天有很多慈善组织专门帮助那些有困难的旅行者。但是在美国对陌生人热情好客的老传统仍然存在，特别是在远离繁忙旅行路线的小城镇。我只是旅行经过这里，和这个美国人随便聊了聊，他竟然很快的邀请我去他家里吃晚饭真是令人惊奇。这种说法常常被到美
39、国的参观者提到，但是不能被正确地理解。许多美国人的友谊不应该被理解为表面的或者是虚伪的，而是文化传统历史性发展的结果。就像在很多发达的社会一样，美国在所有社会关系下也有一套复杂的文化标识，假设和习俗。当然会讲一门语言并不意味着他就理解了这种语言所在的社会和文化模式。那些不能正确理解文化含义的参观者就会得出错误的结论。例如一个美国人使用“朋友”这个词的时候，这词的文化含义也许和参观者的语言和文化中的含义十分不同。在公交车上的短暂相遇远远不能分辨出是出于礼貌还是真正的兴趣。但是友善是一种美德，许多美国人都很看重这个美德，并希望他们的朋友和邻居也看重这种美德。 【知识模块】 英译汉3 【正确答案】
40、“ 别的国家有一种气候，在英国我们只有天气。” 这是常被英国人用来描述他们国家特有气象的一句话。这句话真实地描述了英国的气候。说它真实，是因为通过英国的气候，我们可以看到英国人又一次坚持认为，英国发生的一切有别于世界上其他地区发生的事。任何一位呆在这儿超过几天的外国人都可以感觉到这一点。在英国你可以体验到每一种天气，但不包括极端气候。麻烦的是我们从不能预料何时某种类型的天气会出现，我们不仅在一天中感受到不同类型的天气，而且，我们在夏天可以感受到冬天，在冬天可以感受到夏天。这种天气的不确定性对英国人的性格有着一定的影响。例如：这会让他小心谨慎。当看到一个英国人在阳光灿烂的早晨穿着雨衣，带着一把伞
41、时，外国人可能会嘲笑英国人，但随后他会为他的嘲笑感到后悔!英国天气还帮助增强英国人的适应性，据说这是英国可以殖民统治世界上很多国家的原因之一。无论他们在外国面临何种天气状况，他们都已经在国内感受过类似的天气。当然，变化无常的天气为英国人提供了聊天时的一个常规话题，即使最沉默寡言的英国人也愿意谈论一下天气。尽管有时候英国人对天气牢骚满腹，但若说要与其他地方可预测的气候做交换，即使可能，他也不愿意这样做。【知识模块】 英译汉4 【正确答案】 人们常说英语国家的人非常悲观地对待快乐。这无疑是有道理的，如果他们还能享受欢愉的话。在我的国家，价格便宜的烟酒是引发抑郁症的罪魁。有时我在想，悲观地对待欢乐这
42、种情况已经跨越了大西洋。我很好奇到底是什么使如此多身体健康、收入丰厚的英语国家人对未来没有信心呢。在美国游历时，我感受到一种普遍的不安情绪，这种情绪也给社会改革者们带来了不少麻烦。许多改革者们认为如果消除了贫穷，对经济的不安感消失，这就是太平盛世。但不管是在哪个国家，我在那些经济无虞的人们脸上看不到改革者们所希望出现的那种欢乐。相反，绝大多数人们所表现出的是一种厌倦，不满和对有趣事物的强烈渴望。并非只有富人们才有这种感觉。上班族们也经常感到一种无望的挫败感。他们十分渴望去做某些东西或是参与一些公益事业。但一旦他们全心投入的话，又担心丢掉饭碗。他们的妻子也同样的不满，因为某某邻居有了新车，大房子
43、和体面的朋友。生活对每个人来说都是漫长的痛苦挣扎，只有极少数人在这场长跑中胜出，那些没有获胜者则非常不快。在社交场合当我们按礼节应该显得高兴时，有些情绪只有在酒精的刺激下才表现得出来。但这种高兴并不真实，任何人喝多了都容易失态，泪流满面。【知识模块】 英译汉5 【正确答案】 “ 斥绝 ”贿赂是我们的中上层官员及专业人员的第二种令人钦佩的品质。或许“ 斥绝” 这个字眼有些重，但谁要是企图敢向这些绅士君子们行贿，也真是胆大包天了。一个“ 邪家伙 ”一次对我说，有一回他想通过贿赂从英国官吏那儿捞点油水，他觉得简直“ 就像是要强奸一个尼姑那样难。” 很少有人对这类事动过心思，真正染指这类事的人便更稀罕
44、了。譬如，我们在印度的官吏，他们有接二连三的机会去索巨贿，发横财，但据我记忆，只有一例此类事情发生过，且仅仅只是有腐败的嫌疑而已。这种廉洁清正的威信是我们治理大英帝国的最大的优势。据我所知，其他的民族很少具备这种品质，这使我们的官吏几乎神化了。没有这种品质，我们就无法将大英帝国联结在一起，而且也没有花费这番心血的必要。一位长期在俄国特权制度下做买卖的商人跟我说，现在再去对部长或其他高级官员行贿已很难下手了。这真是个巨大的进步，因为在沙俄统治下，一个人只要及时行一次贿，就能唾手可得他想要的东西。可现在两党都在对有受贿嫌疑这点上互相攻击。虽然我们既没有觉察到这种教育，也没有意识到其必要性，但这种教育方式的确是令人惊心动魄的。我们对此早已心领神会。但这也的确是很有必要的。不到两个世纪之前，贿赂之风曾在我们的贵族及政客们之间肆虐。一位首相甚至曾大言不惭地说，每个人都有一个身价。尽管目前许多对私立学校的批评言论有其立足之处，但我认为，男孩子们具备的这种好品质，还是可以从对他们灌输的无意识的荣誉感中找到其渊源的。现在这种变化真可谓是太显著了。【知识模块】 英译汉
