1、英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷 14 及答案与解析英译汉1 Divorce: Balance of PowerIt makes no sense to say that a good marriage requires parity, as most marriages in the world and throughout history have been based on entirely different principles. You might even conclude from America s unusually high divorce rate that the e
2、xpectation of equality and personal fulfillment is itself a more problematic prescription than that of honor and obedience.Or perhaps the problem lies not in equality, but in the ambivalence that inevitably surrounds atitanic cultural shift only decades old. Many women today still sign up for marria
3、ges in which the man, to some extent, dominates. Traditionally those marriages have ended when the stronger party tires of the dependent. When Harriet Newman Cohen began practicing matrimonial law three decades ago, her clients were mostly women whose breadwinners had walked out. But she and others
4、have observed that today, it is as often the weaker party who calls it quits, tired of a role that is no longer culturally sanctioned. And, once equitable distribution lawswhich forced the higher-earning spouse to share the wealth equitablywere passed in the 80 s, there was no longer any financial p
5、enalty for divorce.Today, almost as many women as men file for divorce. Infidelity, in addition, is no longer a primarily male province. One divorced investment banker discovered that, within his circle of male friends, it was their wives who cheated, not they. “ In the culture of my firm, having af
6、fairs is just bad behavior, like drunk drivingsomething that could harm your reputation,“ he says. Female infidelity, on the other hand, he says, reads differently. “ They re finding themselves, exploring their sexuality,“ he observed bitterly. “ She was fragile and neurotic and I was the white knig
7、ht. I made her feel taken care of and she made me feel strongright up until the day she left. “2 A Crime Wave Festers in CyberspaceThe number of successful, and verifiable worldwide hacker incidents this month is likely to surpass 20,000above the previous monthly record of 16,000 in October, as coun
8、ted by mi2g, a London-based computer security firm. Others have also offered dire estimates, although the dollar amounts are difficult to verify or compare because the definitions of loss vary so broadly. Part of the challenge in quantifying the problem is that businesses are often reluctant to repo
9、rt and publicly discuss electronic theft for fear of attracting other cyber attacks, or at the least, undermining the confidence of their customers, suppliers and investors or inviting the ridicule of their competitors. In one survey of 500 computer security practitioners conducted last year by the
10、FBI and the Computer Security Institute, a trade group, 80 percent of those surveyed acknowledged financial losses resulting from computer breaches. The computer professionals took part in this survey on the condition they and their organizations would not be identified. Among the 223 respondents wh
11、o quantified the damage , the average loss was $ 2 million. Those who had suffered losses of proprietary company information said each incident had cost an average of $ 6. 5 million, while financial fraud averaged $ 4. 6 million an incident.3 Colleges and accrediting agencies dodged a bullet this su
12、mmer as Congress, enacting legislation to renew the Higher Education Act, shielded higher education from the U. S. Education Department s efforts to step up federal regulation of how accreditors and colleges ensure that students are learning. The legislation barred the Education Department from issu
13、ing regulations to affect accreditors standards on student learning outcome.But Lamar Alexander warned in June, college leaders shouldn t let themselves think that the shooting has stopped. Congress will next renew the Higher Education Act in five years, David Geary told a group of college and accre
14、diting officials this summer, and in “the absence of good answers “ between now and then about how higher education can prove its effectiveness, increased federal intervention is sure to follow.To try to start that conversation quickly, the Council for Higher Education Accreditation on Monday held t
15、he first of what will be a series of national forums about the future of higher education self-regulation. Numerous critics from outside higher education have expressed doubt that the higher education industry, through the peer-review-based system of accreditation, can effectively regulate its own q
16、uality and effectiveness, given that accrediting agencies are governed by the institutions being scrutinized.But Monday s discussion was designed, CHEA officials said, not to beat that drum but to brainstorm about what higher education officials must do to ensure that self-regulation survives. “ We
17、need to marshal ammunition we could use to defend the system of self-regulation,“ said A. Lee Fritschler, a professor of public policy at George Mason University and former college president and U. S. assistant secretary for postsecondary education.“ I feel like I am singing to the choir in this roo
18、m,“ Molly C. Broad, president of the American Council on Education, said at the start of remarks in which she, like virtually all the speakers, made clear a preference to limit further federal incursion into higher education quality control.4 The French share Americans distaste for restrictions on p
19、atient choice and they insist on autonomous private practitioners rather than a British-style national health service, which the French dismiss as “ socialized medicine. “ Virtually all physicians in French participate in the nation s public health insurance, Security sociale.Their freedoms of diagn
20、osis and therapy are protected in ways that would make their managed-care-controlled US counterparts envious. However, the average American physician earns more than five times the average US wage while the average French physician makes only about two times the average earnings of his or her compat
21、riots. But the lower income of French physicians is allayed by two factors. Practice liability is greatly diminished by a tort-averse legal system, and medical schools, although extremely competitive to enter, are tuition-free. Thus, French physicians enter their careers with little if any debt and
22、pay much lower malpractice insurance premiums.Nor do France s doctors face the high nonmedical personnel payroll expenses that burden American physicians. Security sociale has created a standardized and speedy system for physician billing and patient reimbursement using electronic funds.It s not unc
23、ommon to visit a French medical office and see no nonmedical personnel. What a concept. No back office army of billing specialists who do daily battle with insurers arcane and constantly changing rules of payment.National health insurance in France stands upon two grand historical bargains-the first
24、 with doctors and a second with insurers. Doctors only agreed to participate in compulsory health insurance if the law protected a patient s choice of practitioner and guaranteed physicians control over medical decision-making. French legislators also overcome insurance industry resistance by permit
25、ting the nation s already existing insurers to administer its new healthcare funds. Private health insurers are also central to the system as supplemental insurers who cover patient expenses that are not paid for by Securite sociale.In fact, in France the sicker you are, the more coverage, care, and
26、 treatment you get. Like all healthcare systems, the French confront ongoing problems. Today French reformers number one priority is to move health insurance financing away from payroll and wage levies because they hamper employers willingness to hire. Instead, France is turning toward broad taxes o
27、n earned and unearned income alike to pay for healthcare.5 It s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit mig
28、ht compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today,
29、stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might surprised! fall off. The label on a child s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary the dangers of drug interactions, for example and m
30、any are required by state or federal regulations, it isn t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury c
31、laims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in
32、 a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “ We re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,“ says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete s injury.At the same time, the American Law I
33、nstitutea group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “ Important information can get buried in a sea
34、of trivialities,“ says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.英语翻译基础（英汉互译）模拟试卷
35、 14 答案与解析英译汉1 【正确答案】 离婚：权力的均衡由于古往今来世界上大多数人的婚姻是以完全不同的原则为基础的，所以，好的婚姻需要平等这种说法是没有什么意义的。从美国奇高的离婚率，也可以得出这样的结论：在婚姻中期待彼此尊重、夫妻和谐已经不大容易，指望获得两性平等、实现自我就更是难上加难。或许问题并不在于平等不平等，而在于仅仅最近数十年来所发生的文化巨变，使人们不可避免地对婚姻产生矛盾的态度。在今天的许多婚姻中，男人仍在某种程度上占据主导地位，妇女不得不屈于遵从。从传统上看，这些婚姻总是在强势的一方对依附的一方产生厌烦情绪时宣告结束。哈莉特?纽曼? 科恩三十年前开始从事婚姻方面的法律工作时
36、，她的当事人大多是由于挣钱养家的丈夫离开而被抛弃的妇女。而现在科恩和其他人都注意到，往往是弱势的一方，不甘于其不再被文化认可的角色而提出结束婚姻。而且，自从 80 年代通过了财产公平分割法，迫使收入高的配偶与对方平分财产，离婚就再也不遭受任何经济上的损失了。如今，提出离婚的人当中，女子和男子人数基本相当。而且，不忠行为也不再仅仅限于男人。一位离了婚的投资银行家发现，在他的男性朋友圈子里，不忠的是妻子，而不是他的这些朋友。他说：“在我们的公司文化中，有外遇和酒后驾车一样，都是不良行为，都会损坏你的名誉。”但是，女性不忠便有不同的解读。“ 她们是在发现自我，探索自己的性能力，”他苦涩地说道。“ 她
37、比较脆弱，神经质，而我是白马王子。我让她觉得受人照顾，她让我觉得自己很强壮直至她离开的那一天。”【知识模块】 英译汉2 【正确答案】 网络犯罪，恶浪滚滚根据总部在伦敦的计算机安全公司 mi2g 的统计，本月全世界范围内经证实成功实施的黑客事件很可能超过 2 万件多于上月(10 月)16 万件的记录。其他公司所做估计也令人触目惊心，尽管不同公司对于损失的定义差别很大。具体的金额难以核实或对比。对该问题的量化描述面临着挑战，部分是由于企业害怕这样会招来更多的网络攻击，或者至少会削弱顾客、供应商和投资者的信心，或者是受到竞争对手的奚落，因此它们往往不愿公布或公开讨论电子窃案。去年，FBI 和计算机安
38、全协会(一个行业组织) 联合对 500 名计算机安全事务的从业人员进行了调查，结果显示：80的受调查者承认其公司由于电脑入侵而遭受了经济损失。这些计算机专业人员是在不公布本人及其所在机构名字的条件下参与的调查。其中的 223 位被调查者说出了损失数额，平均为 200 万美元。那些所在公司专有信息被窃取的人则称每次事件的平均损失为 650 万美元，而遭受金融欺诈平均每次损失为 460 万美元。【知识模块】 英译汉3 【正确答案】 今年夏天，国会重新修订高等教育法案，在此法案的保护下，学院以及各评审机构得以逃过一劫。美国教育部致力于通过完善联邦法规的方式来监督评审机构以及学院是怎样确保学生的学习质
39、量的，而此法案的修订却恰恰使教育部所做的一切成为了徒劳。这项法案禁止教育部通过制定法规来影响各评审机构对学生学习成果的评定标准。但是，六月份时，拉马尔?亚历山大指出学院领导不要以为这已经结束。在接下来的五年里，国会会重新修订高等教育法案。今年夏天，大卫?克里告诉学院和评审机构的一些领导在无法更好地证实高等教育机构其自身的高效性期间，肯定会有越来越多的来自联邦的干涉。为早日实现对话，周一高等教育认证理事会召开了第一次国民论坛。该论坛主要是讨论高等教育将来的自我管理。以后将会有一系列针对此问题的论坛。教育界外的大量的批评者表示即使是有以同行评审为基础的鉴定系统，以及被监管部门控制着的评审机构，他们
40、仍对高等教育产业是否能有效地加强自身质量以及提高效率心存疑虑。高等教育认证理事会领导人指出周一的研讨会并不是玩打鼓游戏，而是要集思广益想出高教官员如何做才能确保自我管理机制生存下去。乔治梅森大学公共政策方向教授同时是前美国研究生教育主席和副秘书长的弗瑞斯勒教授指出，“我们要整合所有能利用的资源来确保自我管理机制的运行”。“我感觉自己像在对着一个合唱团演唱” ，美国教育理事会主席莫里 ?布莱德在会谈开始时说道。实际上，像所有的发言者一样，她也明确主张要限制联邦局对高等教育质量评估的进一步干涉。【知识模块】 英译汉4 【正确答案】 法国人也像美国人一样不喜欢限制患者的选择，他们一定要独立的私人执业
41、医生而不是英式的国家医疗服务系统，法国人把后者看作“社会主义化医疗”而不予考虑。几乎所有的法国医生都加入国家公共医疗保险，又叫做“ 社会保险”。他们在诊断治疗方面享有自由，这种自由得到的保护会使受“管理型” 医疗控制的美国同行羡慕。但是，普通美国医生的收入是美国人平均收入的 5 倍以上，而普通法国医生的收入只是法国人均水平的两倍左右。然而，有两个因素缓解法国医生收入较低的问题。法律体系不支持由于医疗事故或过失引起的诉讼，这使行医责任大大减轻；而法国的医学院虽然竞争很激烈，却是免学费的，因此，法国医生人行时如果有债务也很少，而且支付的治疗失当保险费也低得多。此外，法国医生也不像美国大夫那样要负担
42、非医护人员的高昂费用。社会保险创造了一套高速的标准化系统，通过电子资金为医生开账单收费及给患者报销。在法国诊所看不到非医护人员也并不稀奇。多好的观念!没有一大堆内勤收费专家每天与保险公司晦涩难懂、不断变化的支付规则角力。法国的国家医疗保险基于两大历史性交易一个与医生，第二个与保险公司。医生只在法律保护患者对执业医生的选择、同时保证医生的医疗决策权时才同意参加强制医疗保险。法国立法者还允许法国现有的保险公司管理自己新的医疗保健资金，从而克服来自保险业的阻力。私营健康保险商对这套系统也至关重要：他们作为辅助保险商负担患者在社会保险之外的花费。事实上，在法国，你病得越重，享受的保险费用就越大，得到的
43、护理和治疗也越全面。像所有医疗保健体系一样，法国的体系也面临不断变化的问题。今天，法国改革者的首要问题是不再通过向雇主和雇员征收工资税给医疗保险提供经费，因为这影响雇主用人的积极性。作为代替，法国将对工资收入和非工资收入同等征税以支付医疗保健费用。【知识模块】 英译汉5 【正确答案】 外面是一个危险的世界。出门的时候你可能被踏脚垫绊倒摔断腿，点燃火炉的时候你可能烧掉房子。幸运的是如果踏脚垫或者火炉没有能提醒你可能带来的灾难，那么一场成功的法律诉讼可以补偿一下你的麻烦的损失。在 20世纪 80 年代早期就有了这种想法，那时候陪审团开始让公司为其顾客的不幸承担更多的责任。感觉到这种威胁的存在，公司
44、开始用写很长的警告标签来作出反映，试图预料每一种可能的事故。今天四角梯可能带有长达几英寸的警告标签，在这些警告中有你可能感到惊奇的内容：警告说你可能会从梯子上滑落。孩子们的蝙蝠侠斗篷的警告标签说：不能让使用者飞起来。虽然有些警告是无可厚非和必要的，例如药物的相互作用这些也是联邦和州的法律所要求的，但如果一个顾客受到伤害，我们也不清楚这种警告能否确保生产和销售商免于责任。当受到伤害的顾客与他们打官司的时候，50的公司都会输掉的。现在的形势开始改变了。虽然个人受伤的指控还像以前一样，但是一些法庭开始站在被告一边了，特别是在警告标签不能起到作用的案件中。5 月份，伊利诺斯州Schutt Sports
45、 的总裁成功地赢得了关于一个美式橄榄球运动员受伤的法律诉讼，这个运动员在运动中受伤瘫痪，那时带了 Schutt 的头盔。Nimmons 说到“我们真的很遗憾他变成了瘫痪，但是头盔不是设计用来防止这种损伤的。”法官也同意是运动本身的特性而不是头盔才是运动员受伤的原因。与此同时 ALI一个由法官律师和学者组成的团体，他们的意见举足轻重发布了新的行为伤害法的指导方针，指出公司不需要就明显的危害对顾客进行警告，也不需要尽可能的列出所有可能的危害。康奈尔法律院校的教授说：“重要的信息可能被淹没在这无用的琐碎信息之中”，他也帮助起草了这个指导方针。如果指导方针在法律界得到正确的执行，那么产品信息就可以真正为顾客提供有益的帮助，而不是为了避免法律责任。【知识模块】 英译汉
