1、大学英语四级模拟试卷 1014（无答案）一、Part I Writing (30 minutes)1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled My View on Online Meal Ordering. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1目前，网上订餐逐渐成了一种流行的生活方式2出现这一现象的原因及其影响3我的观点My View on Online Meal Ordering二
2、、Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-7, mark：Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage
3、;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.1 How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and HealthDoes the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale B
4、usiness School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow(棉花软糖)studies of Walter Mischel and co
5、lleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they did not eat that marshmallow and waited for the experimenter to come back, they would get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies sh
6、owed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we also want that last slice of pizza. Some
7、 people are better at delaying satisfaction than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers.Chens recent findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-orient
8、ed behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chens recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They
9、accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize(概念化)the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present. As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future intere
10、sts.Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, require their speakers to refer to the future explicitly. Every time English-speakers talk about the future, they have to use future markers such as “will“. In other languages, such as Mandarin(
11、汉语普通话), future markers are not obligatory. The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakers of languages such as Mandarin
12、 future feels closer. As a consequence, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.Chen analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. This data includes peoples economic decisions, such as whether they saved any money last y
13、ear, the languages they speak at home, demographics(人口统计特征), and cultural factors such as “saving is an important cultural value for me.“ He also analyzed individual-level data on peoples retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly, he analyzed national-
14、level data that includes national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.Peoples savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious affiliation(隶属关系), their countri
15、es legal systems, and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on peoples savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English, makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This e
16、ffect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less
17、, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers makes national savings rates higher.This is an unconventional way of explain
18、ing peoples consumption-saving decisions and health-related behavior. More conventional factors include dispositional(意向的), situational, motivational, and cultural factors. The marshmallow studies focus on dispositional factorsbeing able to delay satisfaction is an inherent ability. Other research h
19、as looked at situational factors. For example, researchers have shown that simply rearranging the placement of food and beverages(饮料)in a cafeteria can improve sales of healthy items. Other research has focused on motivational factors. People often need to curb their current desire to consume in ord
20、er to reach their future goal of getting out of debt. Researchers have shown that closing smaller debt accounts first gives a sense of accomplishment early on, boosts motivation, and increases the likelihood of completely getting rid of debt. The motivational effect is beneficial even if closing off
21、 smaller debt accounts does not make economic sense, for instance when the bigger debt accounts have higher interest rates attached to them. Other research has investigated cultural factors. It has been argued that Americans spend more than they need to because they want to emulate(仿效)the lifestyles
22、 and spending patterns of people who are much richer than themselves. Chens findings suggest that maybe we should focus more on how we talk about the future in order to improve our intertemporal(跨期的)decision making.These results also provide evidence for the language-cognition link, which has stirre
23、d some controversy among researchers. Early 20th century thinkers such as Ferdinand de Saussure and Ludwig Wittgenstein were among the first who argued that language can impact the way people think and act. More recently Steven Pinker argued that we think in a universal grammar and languages do not
24、significantly shape our thinking. The issue is still hotly debated.At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriente
25、d behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms(运算法则)that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual
26、 mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed(演变的)version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age-morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a virtual savings account. The intervention brought peoples future to the present and as a result they saved more
27、for the future.Chens research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Chens research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on
28、our judgments and decisions. 2 The ability to resist temptation may predict peoples_.（A）social behavior（B） future success（C） judgments（D）decisions3 People who delay satisfaction better are more likely to be（A）unsuccessful（B） easily satisfied and happy（C） adventurous（D）wealthy and have healthy life s
29、tyle 4 Why do some people feel that the future is quite close?（A）Because they can maintain great wealth for their future life.（B） Because they do not distinguish the present and the future in their life.（C） Because they form the idea of future in a similar way as of the present.（D）Because language h
30、as a great impact on their future-oriented behavior.5 Why is it easier for Mandarin speakers to resist immediate impulse?（A）Because cultural factors such as “saving“ are important values for them.（B） Because the language they speak does not use future markers.（C） Because the language they speak help
31、s them to feel the future is closer.（D）Because they feel that future events are distant.6 Speakers of a language whose future markers are obligatory are less likely to_ .（A）be unemployed in the future（B） be healthy in older age（C） have religious affiliation（D）save money for the future7 The language
32、without obligatory future markers used by more people of a nation results in _.（A）higher national savings rates（B） lower country GDP（C） faster GDP growth rates（D）less retirement assets8 What kind of factors may explain why Americans spend more than they need to?（A）Cultural factors.（B） Dispositional
33、factors.（C） Situational factors.（D）Motivational factors.9 According to Steven Pinker, languages do not have an important effect on_.10 Recent studies indicate making the future feel closer to the time being might_.11 Languages ability to move the future back and forth in our mind might greatly influ
34、ence_.Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pa
35、use. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer.（A）He made things worse.（B） He messed up the deal.（C） He wasnt trusted by the woman.（D）He had a terrible day.（A）Keep on trying.（B） Remember what he said.（C） Cut the cake in half.（D）Leave t
36、he cake there.（A）The man doesnt like soup.（B） The woman doesnt like fruit.（C） The woman wants to have vegetables.（D）The man wants to have fruit juice.（A）Its suitable for the womans friends.（B） It looks like mature.（C） It doesnt have the right color.（D）It doesnt fit the woman.（A）Have a meal.（B） Have
37、a haircut.（C） Go downtown.（D）Go to a bar.（A）Talkative.（B） Careless.（C） Ill-spent.（D）Fashionable.（A）They have cloudy weather there.（B） They are planning a journey.（C） The woman wants to quit her job.（D）The man decides to come back to earth.（A）How to use a computer.（B） How to repair a computer.（C） How
38、 to copy files.（D）How to look for the menu.（A）The true value of Pablo Picasso.（B） The rare work discovered by an Indiana museum.（C） The way to keep a rare work by Pablo Picasso.（D）The dispute over a rare work by Picasso.（A）It is very expensive for the museum to maintain.（B） The work is so valuable t
39、hat the museum isnt capable of protecting it.（C） The museum doesnt know the skill on how to protect it.（D）The museum is badly in need of money.（A）They decided to hire more guards to protect it.（B） They decided to assess the value of the work.（C） They agreed to keep it as long as possible.（D）They agr
40、eed to sell it at a fair price.（A）Musician.（B） Office job.（C） Teacher.（D）Doctor.（A）Work as a full-time musician.（B） Attend his classes.（C） Do his office work.（D）Stay in the dormitory.（A）Operated on patients.（B） Played music to the patients.（C） Cleaned the floor.（D）Handled appointments.（A）He is quite
41、 used to it.（B） He will try to get used to it.（C） He thinks it is a problem.（D）He is not ready for it.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you
42、 hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.（A）He found volunteers all over the world.（B） He sent words and quotations to Murray.（C） He bought newspaper, magazines and books for Murray.（D）He served as an assistant editor.（A）Because he was locked up in
43、 a mental hospital.（B） Because he had difficulties in walking.（C） Because he lived far away from Oxford.（D）Because he was disgusted with Murray.（A）He was an American physician.（B） He was injured during the Civil War.（C） He had passed away when the dictionary came out.（D）He faced various criminal cha
44、rges.（A）Kids will never play with fire again.（B） Kids will burn themselves again and again.（C） People may become much stronger.（D）Human beings and animals may disappear soon.（A）Consider fear as your servant and guidance.（B） Teach kids what are fear and pain.（C） Play its role as a guard in the daily
45、life.（D）Confront with fear and temper the spirit.（A）Because they are kept away from dangers that happened before.（B） Because they have learned how to overcome the particular dangers.（C） Because they are warned of dangers by fear and take quick action.（D）Because they have presence of mind in the face
46、 of dangers.（A）The cause of the health care problem in the US.（B） The solution to the health care problem in the US.（C） The condition of the health care problem in the US.（D）The reform of the health care system in the US.（A）It is too costly and not easy to access.（B） It is not available to everyone.
47、（C） It can not provide decent service.（D）Its costs is increasing all the time.（A）They can get it freely from the local government.（B） They can buy it like buying other goods and services.（C） They can attend the national health-insurance program.（D）They can obtain it from the company they work for.（A
48、）The present health care system has received too much criticism.（B） The US government can not decide what reforms should be taken.（C） Peoples opinions on the reform of the health care system are diverse.（D）The necessary budget for health care in the US is too much.Section CDirections: In this sectio
49、n, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the 36 Old friends, they finish your sentences,
