1、考博英语模拟试卷 164（无答案）一、Reading Comprehension0 For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Foods are overwhelmingly the most advertised group of all consumer products in the United States. Food products lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements, discount
2、coupons, trading stamps, contests, and other forms of premium advertising. In other media- newspapers, magazines, newspaper supplements, billboards, and radio- food advertising expenditures rank near the top. Food manufacturers spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group, and the na
3、tions grocery stores rank first among all retailers.Throughout the 1970s, highly processed foods have accounted for the bulk of total advertising. Almost all coupons, electronic advertising, national printed media advertising, consumer premiums ( other than trading stamps) as well as most push promo
4、tion come from processed and packaged food products. In 1978, breakfast cereals, soft drinks, candy and other desserts, oils and salad dressings, coffee, and prepared foods accounted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. Yet these items accounted for about one half of all med
5、ia advertising.By contrast, highly perishable foods such as unprocessed meats, poultry, fish and eggs, fruits and vegetables, and dairy products accounted for over half of the consumer food-at-home dollar. Yet these products accounted for less than 8 percent of national media advertising in 1.978, a
6、nd virtually no discount coupons. These products tend to be most heavily advertised by the retail sector in local newspapers, where they account for an estimated 40 percent of retail grocery newspaper ads.When measured against total food-at-home expenditures, total measured food advertising accounts
7、 for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nations grocery stores. A little less than one cent of this amount is accounted for by electronic advertising ( mostlytelevision) while incentives account for 0.6 cents. The printed media accounts for 0.5 cents and about one-third
8、 of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. The estimate for the cost of push promotion ranges from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. This range is necessary because of the difficulty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct sellingtransportation, technical, and other related services.Against t
9、his gross consumer cost must be weighed the joint products or services provided by advertising. In the case of electronic advertising, the consumer who views commercial television receives entertainment, while readers of magazines and newspapers receive reduced prices on these publication. The consu
10、mer pays directly for some premiums, but also receives nonfood merchandise as an incentive to purchase the product. The “benefits“ must, therefore, be subtracted from the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising.Also significant are the impacts of advertising on food de
11、mand, nutrition, and competition among food manufacturers. The bulk of manufacturers advertising is concentrated on a small portion of consumer food products. Has advertising changed the consumption of these highly processed products relative to more perishable foods such as meats, produce, and dair
12、y products? Has the nutritional content of U. S. food consumption been influenced by food advertising? Has competition among manufacturers and retailers been enhanced or weakened by advertising? These are important questions and warrant continued research.1 The authors attitude towards advertising c
13、an be characterized as _.（A）admiring（B） condemning（C） uncertain（D）inquisitive 2 As used in the passage, the term “push promotion“ means _.（A）coupon redemption（B） retail advertising（C） advertising in trade journals（D）direct selling 3 The author implies that advertising costs _.（A）are greater for rest
14、aurants than for at-home foods（B） should be discounted by the benefits of advertising to the consumer（C） are much higher in the United States than anywhere else in the world（D）for prepared foods are considerably higher than for natural foods for all media 4 The purpose of the passage is to _.（A）warn
15、 about rising food advertising costs（B） let experts see how overextended food advertising has become（C） describe the costs of food advertising and the issues yet to be understood about its effects（D）congratulate the food industry on its effective advertising 5 If it were discovered that the nutritio
16、nal content of the U.S. food supply were degraded by the advertising of highly processed foods and such advertising was totally banned, which of the following possible results of the ban could be inferred from the passage?（A）The subscription costs of publications might rise.（B） The cost of cable tel
17、evision might rise.（C） The cost of free television might rise.（D）Fewer consumers would watch certain television shows. 5 However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of p
18、arents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many
19、 principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The many interviews carri
20、ed on during the year as well as new ways of reporting pupils progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can
21、help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food. Using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of
22、other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and at the sams time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers conferences with parents are devoted to p
23、etty accounts of childrens misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser plants ideas in parents minds for the best utilization of the many hou
24、rs that the child spends out of the classroom.In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest developmefit of youngsters capacities.6 The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that_.（A）home training is more important than school training because a child spends so ma
25、ny hours with his parents（B） teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the school（C） parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectives（D）there are many ways in which the mathematics program can be implemented at home 7 The author directly dis
26、cusses the fact that _.（A）parents drill their children too much in arithmetic（B） principals have explained the new art programs to parents（C） a father can have his son help him construct articles at home（D）a parents misguided efforts can be redirected to proper channels 8 It can reasonably be inferr
27、ed that the author _.（A）is satisfied with present relationships between home and school（B） feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental program（C） believes that schools are lacking in guidance personnel（D）feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made
28、 much more constructive than they are at present 9 The author implies that_.（A）participation in interesting activities relating to a school subject improves ones achievement in that area（B） too many children are lazy and have poor work habits（C） school principals do more than their share in interpre
29、ting the curriculum to the parents（D）only a small part of the school day should be set apart for drilling in arithmetic 10 The authors primary purpose in writing this passage is to _.（A）tell parents to pay more attention to the guidance of teachers in the matter of educational activities in the home
30、（B） help ensure that every childs capacities are fully developed when he leaves school（C） urge teachers and school administrators to make use of a much underused resourcethe parents（D）improve the teaching of mathematics 10 The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unsalted, obj
31、ectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalismto make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understand
32、able as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local“ news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very
33、 way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts“. This
34、 insistence raises two questions: What arc the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough ?As to the first query, consider how a so-called“ factual“ story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which h
35、e considers the most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. ( This is an important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. ) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night ed
36、itor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called“ factual“ or“ objective“ story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments n
37、ot at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism“, arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpr
38、etation, are both objective rather than subjective processesas objective, that is, as any human being can be (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels. ) If an editor is intent on slanting the
39、 news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story - promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.11 The title that best expresses the ide
40、as of this passage is _.（A）Interpreting the News（B） Everything Counts（C） Function of the Night Editor（D）Subjective versus Objective Processes 12 The writer of an article selects ten out of 50 available facts because_.（A）space is limited（B） his editor is prejudiced（C） the subject is not important（D）h
41、e is entering choppy and dangerous waters 13 The author is implying that _.（A）in writing a factual story, the writer must use judgment（B） the writer should limit himself to the facts（C） the writer should make the story interesting（D）reporters slant their stories 14 The lead sentence should present t
42、he most important fact because _.（A）it will influence the reader to continue（B） it will gratify the editor（C） some readers do not read beyond the first paragraph（D）it is the best way to write, according to the schools of journalism 15 Placement of a story on page one or page twenty-four will control
43、 its _.（A）accuracy（B） impartiality（C） impact（D）relative importance 15 Both plants and animals of many sorts show remarkable changes in form, structure, growth habits, and even mode of reproduction in becoming adapted to different climatic environment, types of food supply, or mode of living. This di
44、vergence in response to evolution is commonly expressed by altering the form and function of some part or parts of the organism, the original identity of which is clearly discernible. For example, the creeping foot of the snail is seen in related marine preemptors to be modified into a flapping orga
45、n useful for swimming, and is changed into prehensile arms that bear sartorial disks in the squids and other cephalopods. The limbs of various mammals are modified according to several different modes of lifefor swift running (cursorial) as in the horse and antelope, for swinging to several differen
46、t modes of lifefor swinging in trees (arboreal) as in the monkey, for digging ( fossorial ) as in the moles and gophers, for flying (volant) as in the bats, for swimming (aquatic) as in the seals, whales and dolphins, and for other adaptations. The structures or organs that show main change in conne
47、ction with this adaptive divergence are commonly identified readily as homologous, in spite of great alterations. Thus, the fingers and wrist bones of a bat and whale, for instance, have virtually nothing in common except that they are definitely equivalent elements of the mammalian limb. 16 The bes
48、t title for this passage is _.（A）Adoptive Divergence（B） Evolution（C） Unusual Structures（D）Changes in Organs 17 “Homologous“ means_.（A）altered（B） corresponding（C） divergent（D）mammalian 18 Plants and animals change in form _.（A）as they evolve（B） to adjust to environment（C） because of their structure（D
49、）because of their mode of reproduction 19 Homes, monkeys, moles, bats, and whales are_.（A）fossorial（B） volant（C） aquatic（D）mammalian 20 Cephalopods have（A）suctorial disks（B） flapping organs（C） discernible organs（D）homologous organs 二、Structure and Vocabulary21 The technology exists to complement and_ the human mind.（A）amplify（B） enrich（C） stretch（D）enhance 22 Research shows that many voters who havent yet made up their minds are _towards the Democrats.（A）sliding（B） tr
