1、板块二 句法结构类,定语从句是形容词性从句,相当于形容词的用法,其功能是修饰先行词,对其性质、特征进行描述,先行词在定语从句中一般充当主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等。状语从句是副词性从句,相当于副词的用法,其功能是在复合句中作状语。根据状语从句的含义,状语从句一般可以充当时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等状语。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,一般在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语。,1.This is _ my father has taught meto always face difficulties and hope for the best.(2018北京高考),
2、A.how B.which C.that D.what 答案 D 句意:这是我父亲教我的总是面对困难,并抱最大的希望。根据语境可知,此处用what引导表语从句。句中的to always face difficulties and hope for the best是what指代的内容。,名词性从句,2.The gold medal will be awarded to _ wins the first place in the bicycle race.(2018天津高考),A.whomever B.wherever C.whoever D.whatever 答案 C 句意:金牌将会被颁发给在
3、自行车比赛中获得第一的任何选手。本空需要连接词引导宾语从句,连接词在从句中作主语,指人,同时根据句意可知,应用whoever“的任何人,无论谁”引导这个宾语从句。,3.She asked me _ I had returned the books to the library,and I admitted that I hadnt.(2017天津高考),A.when B.where C.whether D.what 答案 C 句意:他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了,我承认我还没有还。根据句意,故选C。,4.Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined stre
4、et,not knowing _ she was heading.(2017北京高考),A.why B.where C.how D.when 答案 B 句意:Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上,不知道她将去往何方,根据句意可知选B。,5.Your support is important to our work._ you can do helps.(2016北京高考),A.However B.Whoever C.Whatever D.Wherever 答案 C 句意:你的支持对我们的工作很重要。无论你能做什么(whatever),都会对我们有帮助。分析句子结构可知,所填词引导主语从句,且
5、在从句中作do的宾语,所以C项whatever “无论什么”符合语境。,6.The manager put forward a suggestion _ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.(2016天津高考),A.whether B.that C.which D.what 答案 B 句意:经理提了个建议我们应雇个助手。要做的工作太多了。分析句子结构可知,空格后的同位语从句用来解释说明suggestion的具体内容,从句中不缺成分且意义完整,故选B项that。,7._ Li Bai,a great Chinese p
6、oet,was born is known to the public,but some wont accept it.(江苏高考),A.That B.Why C.Where D.How 答案 C 句意:中国的大诗人李白的出生地众所周知,但有些人还不认可。分析句子结构可知,a great Chinese poet是Li Bai的同位语,where Li Bai.was born是主语从句,表示“李白出生的地方”。,【名师点睛】,名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。考查的要点主要是连接代词和副词的正确使用,主语、谓语的语序,双重连接词以及特殊句型的使用等。其考点主要包括: 1
7、.考查名词性从句的连接词。如:有词义的连接代词who,whose,whom,what,which; 连接副词when,where,why,how; 从属连词that,whether,if,as if; 无词义的that在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 2.考查名词性从句的语序和时态。,3.考查it作形式主语、形式宾语的情况。如:,(1)Itbe形容词(necessary,important,obvious等)that从句。 (2)Itbe过去分词that从句。 (3)Itbe名词(a surprise,a fact,a shame,an honour等)that从句。 (4)It不及物动词(a
8、ppear,happen等)that从句。,4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气。如:,(1)It is (was) essential (important,natural.) that.; (2)It is (was) suggested (demanded,wished,desired.)that.等。,5.what引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。如:whatthe thing that/anything that.; whatthe place that.; whatthe time that.; whatthe person that.等。 6.whoever,whatever,whic
9、hever引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。,1.Kate,_ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.(2018天津高考),A.whom B.that C.whose D.her 答案 C 句意:凯特到澳大利亚去工作了。读大学的时候我和她的姐姐住一个寝室。从句子结构看,本空需要关系词引导定语从句,先行词为Kate,且关系代词在从句中作定语,因此用关系代词whose引导这个定语从句。,定语从句,2.She and her family bicycle to work
10、,_ helps them keep fit.(2018北京高考),A.which B.who C.as D.that 答案 A 句意:她和她的家人骑自行车上班,这有助于他们保持健康。根据句子结构可知,此处用which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的事。,3.My eldest son,_work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment.(2017天津高考),A.that B.whose C.his D.who 答案 B 本句是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是My eldest son,根据句意和空后名词确定引导词在从句
11、中作定语,选项中只有whose能够修饰名词作定语。故选B。,4.The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.(2017北京高考),A.that B.as C.where D.when 答案 A 句意:我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句,从句缺少宾语,先行词是problems,故用that。,5.I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.(2
12、016北京高考),A.whose B.why C.where D.which 答案 A 句意:我住在一对夫妇的隔壁,他们的孩子(whose children)经常吵吵闹闹。whose引导定语从句,且在从句中作children的定语。,6.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,_ the weather may be better.(2016天津高考),A.that B.where C.which D.when 答案 D 句意:我们将把去公园野餐推迟到下周,那时天气可能更好。分析句子成分可知定语从句中缺少时间状语,故用whe
13、n引导。,7.The number of smokers,_ is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.(江苏高考),A.it B.which C.what D.as 答案 D 句意:正如所报道的,烟民的数量仅仅在一年内就下降了17%。as作为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,位置非常灵活,可位于主句前、主句后,也可位于主句中间。which引导非限制性定语从句时位于主句之后。,【名师点睛】,定语从句的用法较为复杂,高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外,还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题,不难发现其考点主要包括
14、: 1.考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如:that,which和where,when的区分; that,which和why的区分等。 2.考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语,后跟名词。指物时,whose名词名词 of whichof which名词。 The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.,3.考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which,as引导的非限制性定语从句和it,what引导的主语从句
15、的区分。 4.考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。,I,who am your close friend,will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.,5.考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which,不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。,The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students. 同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现
16、时与并列句的区别。 He loved his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句) 此外,“介词which 名词”结构,也是一个较为特殊的结构。 He was very ill,in which case(and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.,6.考查一些特殊的先行词。如:当situation,point,case,ac
17、tivity,scene及period,festival,occasion等出现时,要注意具体情况具体分析;作主语、宾语和表语时,用关系代词that/which;作状语时,用关系副词where/when或“介词which”,表示在某种特定的情形下。 7.考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。,The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family.(同位语从句) The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting.(定语从句) It was 1914
18、when the war broke out.(时间状语从句) It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句),1._ we dont stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.(2018北京高考),A.Although B.While C.If D.Until 答案 C 句意:如果我们不阻止气候变化,世界上许多动植物将不复存在。根据句意可知,此处用If引导条件状语从句。,状语从句,2.Lets not pick these peaches until t
19、his weekend _ they get sweet enough to be eaten.(2018天津高考),A.ever since B.as if C.even though D.so that 答案 D 从句意的连贯看,空前说等到周末再摘这些桃子,空后说“它们就变得够甜了,可以吃了”,这里应该用so that“以便”引导目的状语从句。,3.If you dont understand something,you may research,study,and talk to other people _ you figure it out.(2017北京高考),A.because
20、B.though C.until D.since 答案 C 句意:如果你无法理解某个东西,你可能会研究,学习和他人探讨直到你解决为止。根据句意可知选C。,4._ birds use their feathers for flight,some of their feathers are for other purposes.(2017北京高考),A.Once B.If C.Although D.Because 答案 C 句意:尽管鸟儿们用羽毛来飞翔,但是他们的一些羽毛还有其他用途。前后句子之间是让步关系,故选C。,5._ online shopping has changed our life
21、,not all of its effects have been positive.(2016浙江高考),A.Since B.After C.While D.Unless 答案 C 句意:尽管(while)网上购物改变了我们的生活,但并非它的所有影响都是积极正面的。while意为“尽管”,表让步关系,符合句意。since自从以来,因为;after在之后;unless除非,如果不。,【名师点睛】,状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句和结果状语从句。状语从句的考查主要集中在连接词的掌握上,尤其要重视as,until,before,sinc
22、e,when,in case等连词的各种语义功能和语法功能。其考点主要包括: 1.考查状语从句的连接词。要掌握每个连词的含义及其用法,还有它们之间的一些区别。如:时间状语从句的连词有while,when,as,as soon as,until,not.until,before,after,since等; 条件状语从句的连词有 if,unless,in case,on condition that,provided (that),supposing,suppose (that)等; 结果状语从句的连词有so.that(如此以至于),such.that(如此以至于)等。,2.考查固定搭配和习惯用法
23、的连接词。如:no sooner.than/hardly.when(一就); the moment/minute,directly等的连词功能。 3.考查不同性质的连词在不同的语境中所表现的不同意义,如as既能引导时间状语从句,又能引导原因状语从句和让步状语从句; where引导地点状语从句和定语从句等。 4.考查状语从句的时态。主要考查时间、条件、让步状语从句用一般现在时表将来,以及一般过去时代替过去将来时的用法。,5.考查状语从句的省略。在时间、原因、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中,常常省略相同的主语或作主语的代词it以及be动词,保留现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式等成分。如果从句中有
24、“it is形容词”,也可以省略it is。 连词的考查主要集中在并列句和各种复合句中,主要考查连词的意义辨析。如:and,but,or或while以及其他连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。,1.Ordinary soap,_ correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.(2018北京高考),A.used B.to use C.using D.use 答案 A 句意:普通肥皂,如果正确使用,能有效地处理细菌。根据句意以及句子结构可知,此处用动词的非谓语形式作非限制性定语,Ordinary soap与use之间是逻辑上的被动关系,
25、所以用过去分词。,非谓语动词,2.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph _.(2018天津高考),A.taking B.taken C.being taken D.take 答案 B 从句意和句子结构看,本空在句中作宾补,动词take与my photograph之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故应用过去分词,因此选B。,3.I didnt mean _ anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldnt help _ it.(2018天津高考),A.to eat
26、; to try B.eating;trying C.eating;to try D.to eat;trying 答案 D 从句意看,第一空所在部分用mean to do sth表示“打算做某事”,第二空用couldnt help doing sth表示“忍不住做某事”,因此选D。,4.During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.(2018北京高考),A.share B.to share C.having s
27、hared D.shared 答案 B 句意:在中秋节期间,家庭成员常常欢聚一堂,享受大餐、赏月并品尝月饼。根据句意以及句子结构可知,此处用不定式作目的状语。,5._ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.(2018北京高考),A.Travel B.Traveling C.Having traveled D.Traveled 答案 B 句意:沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一种有趣且有益的体验。根据句子结构可知,此处用动名词作主语。,6.I was watching the clock all throug
28、h the meeting,as I had a train_.(2017天津高考),A.catching B.caught C.to catch D.to be caught 答案 C 句意:在整个会议期间我一直在看钟表,因为我要去赶火车。根据句意判断出as引导原因状语从句,Sb have sth to do 某人有某事要做(在本句中to do 由主语完成),根据句意判断选C。,【名师点睛】,非谓语动词是高中英语教学的重点和难点,也是历届高考的重点项目。命题热点多是借助于基本概念,在语境中考查常用动词的各种非谓语形式以及个性动词后的非谓语形式。有时也涉及非谓语动词逻辑主语的一致性问题以及独立
29、主格结构中非谓语的各种变化。其考点主要包括: 1.考查对谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别,要求明确句子的结构和意义,掌握非谓语动词的基本用法。,2.考查不定式和动名词作宾语的区别,要求掌握一些常见动词后面所接宾语的形式。 3.考查非谓语动词作定语、状语、补语时的区别,尤其是不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语所表示的不同时间、逻辑关系和意义。现在分词和不定式作结果状语时的区别应引起足够重视。 4.考查非谓语动词的否定式、完成式、被动式及复合结构,要求掌握其构成形式、所表示的时间以及逻辑关系。,1.In any unsafe situation, simply _ the button and a hi
30、ghly-trained agent will get you the help you need.(2018北京高考),A.press B.to press C.pressing D.pressed 答案 A 句意:在任何不安全的情况下,只要按下按钮,一个训练有素的代理人就会给你需要的帮助。根据句子结构可知,此处为祈使句,所以用动词原形。,特殊句式,2.It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house _ we saw Lily in the passenger seat.(2018天津高考),A.which B.that C.
31、when D.where 答案 B 去掉题干的It was和空处后,这个句子语法结构依然完整,表示“只有当汽车停在我家房前的时候,我们才看到乘客座位上的莉莉”,因此这是一个强调句式,被强调的是“only状语从句”,因此选B。,3.Nowadays,cycling,along with jogging and swimming,_as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.(2017天津高考),A.regard B.is regarded C.are regarded D.regards 答案 B 句意:如今,与慢跑和游泳一样,骑自行车被看作最全
32、面的运动方式之一。本句谓语与主语之间是被动关系,表示“被看作”,应该用被动语态;句子主语部分是A along with B结构,因此谓语应在人称和数上与A保持一致。,4.It was when I got back to my apartment_I first came across my new neighbors.(2017天津高考),A.who B.where C.which D.that 答案 D 句意:当我回到我的公寓的时候,我第一次遇见了我的新邻居。本句中去掉It was 和空格,句意完整,所以本句是强调句型,强调的是时间状语从句,应用that。故选D。,5.Only after
33、 talking to two students _ that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.(湖南高考),A.I did discover B.did I discover C.I discovered D.discovered I 答案 B 句意:直到跟两个学生谈了话以后我才发现,有强烈的动机是达到目标的最重要的因素之一。only修饰after引导的时间状语,且位于句首,故句子需用部分倒装语序。,【名师点睛】,从近几年高考试题来看,特殊句式主要考查倒装句、省略句和强调句的用法
34、。命题的着重点在以下几个方面: 1.考查倒装句式,特别注意以下三种情况:,(1)含有否定意义的词置于句首时,部分倒装。 (2)only位于句首修饰状语等,部分倒装。 (3)so/such.that句型中,so/such位于句首时,后面的主句倒装,that从句不倒装。,2.考查省略句的构成,尤其是以下四种情况:,(1)省略主语、主语和谓语、主语和谓语的一部分。 (2)状语从句省略为“连词非谓语动词”形式,务必要明确句子主语与非谓语动词的逻辑关系以及非谓语动词与谓语的时间关系。 (3)不定式的省略。 (4)not,so,neither,nor的“替代性”省略。,3.考查强调句型的构成和强调谓语的方法。近几年高考更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象,加大了综合考查语法知识的力度,以下几个方面要引起高度重视:,(1)强调句型的一般疑问句式和特殊疑问句式的构成。 (2)强调not.until.句型的特殊构成方式。 (3)把强调句型与定语从句、省略句以及强调句型与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合到一起考查学生综合把握语法知识的能力。,