1、a 0. _. i a a MIL-HDBK-29g EM W 9999970 0035255 3 = - - - - - M IL -H D BK-294 (NAVY) 31 December 1986 MILITARY HANDBOOK Electronic Counter-countermeasures Considerations in Naval Communication Systems AMSC N/A 6 THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS distribution is unlimited Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reprod
2、uction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-294 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Washington, DC 20363 Electronic Counter-Countermeasures Considerations In Naval Communication Systems 1. 2. This standardization handbook was developed by the Department of the Navy. This document suppleme
3、nts department manuals, directives, and military standards, etc, It provides basic and fundamental information on electronic counter-countermeasures considerations that should be taken into account to ensure the ability of the communication system being acquired to operate within its design specific
4、ations when exposed to hostile electronic countermeasures. may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Systems Comnand, ATTN: zation Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. 3. Beneficial comments (recomnendations, addition
5、s, deletions) and any pertinent data which Comander, Space and Naval Warfare SPAWAR-003-12, Washington, DC 20363, by using the self-addressed Standardi- ii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-I L- MIL-HDBK-274 EU m 7977770 0035257 7 a MIL
6、-HDBK-294 FOREWORD The use of communication (COM) systems by the United States (U.S.) Navy in future combat situations is certain to be countered bv severe electronic warfare (EW). Even if hostile efforts a are not employed, the proliferation of iriendly electromagnetic (EM) radiation or the use of
7、friendly active EW can have the same effect. Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM), in the control of operating techniques or electronic circuitry to ignore interfering signals, will be essential to maintain the continuity of COM. ECCM, system usefulness will be severely degraded or even nonexis
8、tent. concept. Under most circumstances, after-the-fact fixes are impractical. Correction of problems after the system is designed or in operation involves considerable expense and yields less than optimum results. incorporate ECCM from the early conceptual and design phases throughout the life cycl
9、e. To accomplish this, an effective program of ECCM management, assessment, engineering and configuration control is required and must be integrated into the overall design and engineering effort early in the conceptual phase and continued throughout the life cycle. Th is handbook provides guidance
10、for establ ishing an effect ive ECCM program throughout the 1,ife cycle of a COM system. acquisition management process and has a background primarily in management. presented in this handbook will ensure that the proper emphasis is placed on securing adequate ECCM capabi 1 ity in the operat ional s
11、ystem. Unless the system has ECCM built in or can be modified to incorporate In new COM systems acquisition, ECCM should be an integral part of the system from the original The Department of Defense requires the implementation of specific efforts to This handbook assumes that the manager is already
12、completely familiar with the Following the guidelines a iii Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Paragraph 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2. 2.1 2.1.2 3. 3.1 3.2 4. 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.3 5. 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1
13、.3 5.2.2 5.2.2-1 5.2.2.2 5.2.2.3 5.2.3 5.2.3.1 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.5.1 5.2.5.2 5.2.5.2.1 5.2.6 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.4.1 5.3.4.2 5.3.5 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.1.1 5.4.1.2 5.4.2 5.4.2.1 5.4.2.2 5.4.3 MIL-HDBK-294 CONTENTS 5.4.3.1 5.4.3.1.1 5.4.3.1.2 SCOPE Scope Applicability Format Relationship between E
14、CCM and EW REFERENCED DOCUMENTS Specifications, standards, and handbooks Other Government documents, drawings and pub1 icat ions DEFINITIONS Definitions Acronyms and abbreviations INCORPORATING ECCM.DURING PROGRAM LIFE CYCLE General Life cycle flow Program identification Concept development phase Co
15、ncept val idation phase Full -scale development phase Product i on Deployment Procedural method for addressing ECCM General P1 ann ing steps Obtaining information on the threat STIL0 support Naval Intel1 igence Command (NIC) support Naval Security Group (NSG) support Preparing the key documents ECCM
16、 in the operational requirement (OR) ECCM in the development proposal (DP) ECCM in the DCP and NDCP Formulating ideas about the ECCM design Estimating the cost of ECCM-protected COM Planning for the essential ECCM tests Interoperabil ity issues Factors to be considered SATCOM gateway terminals Reaso
17、ns for avoidance of the gateway terminal Maintenance and ECCM Specifying ECCM in COM systems General Baseline specifications Coordinat ion with OPTEVFOR Parameter gu idel i nes Some clarifying points about the guidelines Some suggest ions and cautions about the gu idel ines Writing the specification
18、s Developing ECCM-hardened COM systems Advanced development and engineering development phases Advanced development model (ADM) Engineering development model (EDM) Contracts Contract proposal evaluat on Statement of work (SOW) Testing and demonstration in the advanced and Advanced development testin
19、g Testing benchmarks Results of testing PROGRAM MANAGER RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACTIONS concept from an ECCM viewpoint engineering development phases Page 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 e
20、 c c a a iv Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-274 EN W 7797770 0035257 O W Paragraph 5.4.3.2 Figure Table Append i x 5.5 5.5.1 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.2.1 5.6.2.2 5.6.2.3 5.6-3 5.6.3.1 5.6.3.2 5.6.3.3 5.6.4 5.6.4.1 5.6.5 5.6.6 5.6.
21、7 5.6.8 5.6.9 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I II III A. B. C. 0. MIL-HDBK-294 CONTENTS (Continued) Engineering development testing Production and support Evaluating the ECP from an ECCM viewpoint T and E ECCM T and E policy T and E phases Development test and evaluation (DT and E) OperationaPtest and e
22、valuatton (OT and E) Production acceptonce test and evaluation (PAT and E) Responsibility for T and E NISC responsibilities NSG responsibilities OPTEVFOR responsibilities TEMP ECCM guidelines for the TEMP Technic al evaluation (TECHEVAL) Operational evaluation (OPEVAL) Total ship tests Other special
23、 tests Approval for full production (AFP) NOTES FI GUR ES Major ECCM acquisition activities 0verv.iew of development phases COM transmitter, receiver, and jammer relationships PSK performance for CW and noise interference Nomogram for solution of path attenuation and between HF surface wave COM rang
24、es (maximum achievable path length) AchievabTe transmission ranges to a jammed platform for a Adaptive antenna patterns before and after isotropic antennas theoretical case of SS improvement TABLES Comparative development costs and level of effort to ECCM techniques in COM systems ECCM guidelines fo
25、r the TEMP incorporate ECCM AJ and LPI features in COM systems APPENDICES ECCM techniques for COM application Planning and specification outline Estimating the kind and quantity of ECCM needed ECCM guidelines for the TEMP Page 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 , 6 15 38
26、40 41 43 44 46 11 23 49 23 29 37 49 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-NIL-HDBK-294 EN W 9999970 0035260 7 MIL-HDBK-294 1. SCOPE This handbook provides guide1 ines for incorporating electronic counter- 1.1 Scope. countermeasures (ECCM) i
27、nto United States Naval communication systems during the system acquisi- tion process. should be useful to other-participants in the acquisition process, partiaul arly cognizant managers in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), the Naval Intelligence Center (NIC), the Naval Security Gro
28、up (NSG), and personnel in the design, development, and production agencies. Because of the gravity of the Soviet threat facing the fleet and the Navys critical need for command and control- in performing its various missions, managers must understand the importance of measures necessary to ensure t
29、he capability to mmunicate in that threat environment. purpose for incorporating ECCM tnto the design of the communication system. tines, the desired degree of ECCM capability wilt be incorporated into the communication system from both an operational and a cost effective basis. While the handbook i
30、s specificalv addressed to the project or acquis+tion director, it This is the By use of these guide- 1.2 ApplicabiWty. Provisions of this handbook are to be applied by procuring activities and by development and operations activities at appropriate times during the acquisition process. The handbook
31、 may also be applied by contractors as a guide for estoblishing and implementing an ECCM program during the contract phase. Although this handbook is intended for use in the acquisition of communication (COM) systems, the handbook can apply equalv satisfactoriry in the acquisition of other electroni
32、c systems. 1.3 Format. To ensure early consideration of ECCM as well as to provide the necessary continuity for achieving and monitoring the required ECCM, the handbook follows the framework of the acsuisition process for the system. Section 5 covers specific actions to be taken by the manager to im
33、plement the approach in Section 4. Together, Section 4 and Section 5 cover the steps to be taken during the acquisition process and the responsibilities of the manager for ensuring that the system has a high probability of continued operation in the predicted electronic warfare (EW) environment. App
34、endices A through D cover in greater detail the various aspects of ECCM that are to be implemented by the manager. Section 4 covers the overall approach to be taken. 1.4 Relationship between ECCM and EW. a. b. Electronic countermeasures (ECM): c. EW is divided into the three areas specified in a thr
35、ough c: Electronic warf are support measures (ESM): Encompasses the actions to extract information from the opponents EM radiations. Encompasses the actions to prevent, reduce the effectiveness of, or exploit the opponents use of EM radiation. ECCM: Actions to ensure effective use of ones own electr
36、omagnetic (EM) radiation while denying the opponents effective use of ESM. ECCM is divided into anti-ESM consisting of low probability of exploitation (LPE) techniques, of which low probability of intercept (LPI) is a subset, and antt-ECM consisting of anti-jamming (AJ) techniques. The anti-ECM tech
37、niques are useful in combatting self-jamming, whether self-jamming is due to intentional jamming of the opponents systems or interference caused by incompatibility with other friendly users. 1 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-
38、294 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1 Government documents. I 2.1.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks. Unless otherwise specified, the following speci- fications, standards, and handbooks of the issue listed in that issue of Departmen of Defense Index of Spec.Cfications and Standards (DoDISS) speci
39、fied in the solicitation form a part of this standard to the extent specified herein. STANDARDS MI L I TARY MIL-STD-188 MIL-STD-463 HANDBOOK MILITARY MIL-HDBK-235 Military Communication System Technical Standards Definitions And System Of Units, Electromagnetic Interference And Electromagnetic Compa
40、t ib i 1 i ty Techno 1 ogy Electromagnetic (Radtated) Environment Considerations For Design And Procurement Of Electrical And Electronic Equipment , Subsystems And Systems 2.1.2 Other Government documents, drawings and publications. The following other Government doc- uments, drawings and publieatio
41、ns form a part of this standard to the extent specified herein. PUBLICATIONS MILITARY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY (SECNAV) SECNAVI NST C3430.2 Department Of The Navy Policy Concerning Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) In Electronic Systems CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS (OPNAV) OPNAVI NST S3430.21 OPNA
42、VINST 5450.191 Electronic Warfare Operations Security Commander, Naval Security Group Command; Mission And Function Of NAVAL MATERIAL COMMAND (NAVMAT) NAVMATI NST 3882.2A Threat Support For RDT And E And Weapon System Selection And Planning SPACE AND NAVAL WARFARE SYSTEMS COMMAND (SPAWAR) 3 NAVELEXI
43、NST 2410.4 NAVELEXINST 4000.9C Electromagnetic Environment Effect (E ) Policy Within The Naval Material Command Approval Of Systems And Equipments For Service Use SU) (Copies of standards, handbooks, and publications required by contractors in connection with specific xquisition functions should be
44、obtained from the contracting activi-ty or as directed by the contracting officer). 2 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-29Li EN 9779970 0035262 O = MIL-HDBK-294 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 Definitions. The definitions included in MIL-ST
45、D-463 and MIL-HDBK-235 shall apply. 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations. handbook are: A/C ACAT ADM AFP AJ ARM ASU BER BI TE BLOS bps CDR CEP CNO COM COMSEC CRT cw dB dB i dBm dB W DCP DF DP DSARC DSP N DT and E ECM ECCM ECP EDM EHF EIRP ELOS EM EMC EMCON EM1 EMP EMV ESM EW . E3 c3 Eb/no FEWSG FH FLTSATC
46、OM FOT and E FSK GMF HF IFM ILS ILSP IOT and E The acronyms and abbreviations of terms used in this A i rcr af t Acquisition category Advanced development model Approval for full production Ant i - j amm i ng Ant i -rad i at i on mi ss i 1 es Approval for service use Bit error rate Built-in-test-equ
47、ipment Beyond 1 i ne-of -s i ght Bits per second Critical design review Circular error probable Chief of Naval Operations Connnun i cat ions Comunicat ions security Cathode ray tube Command, control, and communications Continuous wave Decibels Decibels isotropic Decibels referred to one milliwatt De
48、cibels referred to one watt Decision coordinating paper Direct ion find ing Development proposal Defense System Acquisition Review Council Direct sequence-pseudo noise Development test and evaluation Electronic countermeasures Electronic counter-countermeasures Engineering change proposal Engineerin
49、g development model Extremely high frequency Effective isotropic radiated power Extended line-of-sight Electromagnetic Electromagnetic compatibility Emission control Electromagnetic interference Electromagnetic pul se Electromagnetic vulnerability Electronic warfare support measures Electronic warfare Electromagnet ic environment al effects Ratio of bit-energy-to-noise-density _. Fleet Electronic Warfare Support Group Frequency ho
