1、I STDSNISO TR02-ENGL I1977 b478908 0003747 330 Wl NISO Technical Report 2 NISO TR02-1997 Guidelines for Indexes and Related Information Retrieval Devices Bethecda, Maryland, U.S.A. STDmNISO TR02-ENGL 1797 6 b478908 0003748 277 W About the NISO Technical Report Series The National Information Standar
2、ds Organization is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop and maintain technical standards for libraries, information services, and publishers. NISO technical reports address a variety of topics that are related to “s standardization interests. Conclusions or recom
3、mendations do not represent a consensus of the NIcOmembership and the material presented is not normative in nature. Questions or comments about the NISO Technical Report Series may be addressed to: National Information Standards Organization 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300 Bethesda, h4D 20814-5248
4、Telephone: 301-654-2512 nisohqnico.org nisopressnico.org www.niso.org Fa: 301-654-1721 STDmNISO TR02-ENGL 1997 m b47B908 0003749 103 m NISO Technical Report 2 NISO-TR02-1997 ISSN: 1081-8006 Guidelines for Indexes and Related Information Retrieval Devices James D. Anderson Abstract: This technical re
5、port provides guidelines for the content, organization, and presentation of indexes used for the retrieval of documents and parts of documents. It deais with the principles of indexing, regardless of the type of material indexed, the indexing method used (intellectual analysis, machine algorithm, or
6、 both), the medium of the index, or the method of presentation for searching. It emphasizes three processes essential for ali indexes: comprehensive design, vocabulary management, and the provision of syntax. It includes defini- tions of indexes and of their parts, attributes, and aspects; a uniform
7、 vocabulary; treatment of the nature and variety of indexes; and recommendations regarding the design, organization, and presentation of indexes. It does not suggest guide- lines for every detail or technique of indexing. These can be determined for each index on the basis of factors covered in the
8、technical report. A Technical Report Sponsored by the National Information Standards Organization Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. STD*NISO TR02-ENGL 1997 = b478908 0003750 925 I$sy Published by NISO Press 4733 Bethesda Avenue Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Copyright 81997 by National Information Standards Orga
9、nization All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permiss
10、ion in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to NISO Press, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 208 14. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-880124-36-X ISSN: 1081-8006 NISO Technical Report Series This paper meets the requirements of ANSIMISO 239.48-1992 (Per
11、manence of Paper). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guidelines for indexes and related information retrieval devices: a technical report / sponsored by the National Information Standards Organization. p. cm. - (NISO technical report, ISSN 1081-8W, 2) Includes bibliographical refere
12、nces and index. ISBN 1-880124-36-X (ak. paper) 1. Indexing-United States. I. National Information Standards Organization (U.S.) II. Series. 2695.9 IN PROCESS 025.342 1 97-31018 CIP STD*NISO TR02-ENGL 1997 b47B90B 0003753 8bL TR02-1997 Contents Foreword . vi Preface vii O . Introduction . 1 0.1 Summa
13、ry of major sections . 1 0.2 Guides to the technical report 1 1 . Scope of the technical report . 7 1.1 General statement . 7 1.2 Types of documents . 7 1.3 Presentation of indexes 7 1.4 Choice of terms . _. . 7 1.5 Method of preparation . 7 2 . Definitions 7 3 . Function of an index . 9 4 . Types o
14、f index . 9 4.1 Indexes by type of object referred to . 9 4.2 Indexes by type of term used for headings 9 4.3 4.4 Indexes by arrangement of entries . 9 4.5 Indexes by method of document analysis 9 4.6 Indexes by method of term selection . 10 4.7 Indexes by method of term coordination 10 4.8 4.9 Inde
15、xes by medium of index 10 4.10 Indexes by proximity of documentary units 10 4.11 Indexes by periodiuv of the index . 10 4.12 Indexes by authorship . 10 Indexes by type or extent of indexable matter on which an index is based 9 Indexes by type, periodiaty, format, genre, or medium of doc-unent(s) bei
16、ng indexed 10 5 . Design of indexes 10 5.1 Subject scope . 10 5.2 Documentary scope 11 5.3 Domain . 11 5.4 Multiple versus unified indexes . 11 5.5 Codes and symbols 11 5.6 Display media . 11 5.7 Documentary unite . 12 5.8 Indexable matter . 12 5.9 Analysis method . 12 5.10 ExhauctiviS . 12 5.11 Spe
17、cificity . 12 5.12 Syntax . 12 5.13 Vocabulary management 12 5.14 Documentary unit currogation; locators . 13 5.15 Surrogate display 13 5.16 Size of displayed indexes 13 5.17 Index display and arrangement . 13 5.18 Search interface . 13 TR02-1997 Page 6 . Vocabdq . 14 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8
18、 Sources of vocabulary 14 FOIIIIS of tem 14 6.2.1 Parts of sped . 14 6.2.2 Spelling . 14 6.2.3 Capitalization 15 6.2.4 Singular and plural forms 15 6.2.5 Articles 15 6.2.6 Compound terms 15 6.2.9.1 Personal names 16 6.2.9.4 Titles of documents . 17 6.2.9.5 First lines . 18 6.2.10 Romankation . 18 Ho
19、mographs . 18 Synonymous and equivalent terms . 18 Other relationships . 19 Changes in terminology 19 Display of vocabulary in indexes . 20 6.2.7 Antonyms and associated terms . 15 6.2.8 Word order in multiword terms . 15 6.2.9 Proper names and titles of documents 16 6.2.9.2 Corporate body names 16
20、6.2.9.3 Geographical names 17 Hierarchical relationships among terms . 19 6.8.1 Vocabulary information in displayed indexes . 20 6.8.1.1. Cross-references versus double entries 20 6.8.1.2 Cross-references to multiple terms or headings . 20 6.8.1.3 Location of “see the 1984 standard had focused on pr
21、int indexes created by human indexers. The draft that resulted was balloted according to MSO procedures for developing standards. Following the ballot, the Committee responded to a wide range of suggestions, making adjustments to accommodate them, but the basic organization and focus of the draft re
22、mained unchanged. The draft was then balloted a second time. The second ballot resulted in two “No“ votes which carried objections to the drafts broader level of detail and a number of recommendations. At that point the draft was withdrawn from further deliberation because the added recommendations
23、would have completely altered the character of the proposed standard. Indeed, if the new effort to include all types of indexes and indexing were dropped, there would be no compelling need to change the 1984 standard. Subsequently, the decision to issue the draft as a technical report was made. The
24、1984 standard is now withdrawn. The text that appears here is the draft that was balloted a second time with corrections and changes suggested by representatives from the American Library Association, the American Society for Information Science, the American Society of Indexers, the American Theolo
25、gical Library Association, and the Association of Jewish Libraries. The members of NISO Standards Committee YI who prepared the draft standard on which this report is based were James D. Anderson, Rutgers University (Chair); Barbara Anderson, Knight-Ridder Information, Inc.; Catherine Grissom, US. D
26、epartment of En- ergy; Barbara Preschel, Public Affairs Information Service; Deborah Swain, EM and Society for Techical Communication; and Hans Wellisch, University of Maryland. This technical report is the second in the NISO Technical Report Series. It is not a national standard, and its material i
27、s not normative in nature. Comments may be addressed to the National Information Standards Organization, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814. Patricia Harris Executive Director National Information Standards Organization Page vi STDeNISO TR02-ENCL L997 b476906 0003755 407 m TR02-1997
28、 Preface This technical report is intended for everyone concerned with indexes used for information retrieval - professional indexers working with every kind of document, database producers, publichers of indexes and of documents containing indexes, designers of electronic index displays and indexin
29、g algorithms, librarians and catalogers, students, and other users of indexes. It is particularly designed for persons who have substantial knowledge and experience related to indexes. Others will want to use it to help set goals and determine criteria for indexes, while using the more detailed guid
30、es and textbooks listed in the bibliography for background and instruction. Because indexes range from simple lists to very complex tools for locating information, and because types of indexes and methods of indexing are quite varied, the report reflects this complexity and variation by dealing with
31、 the principles of indexing. In doing so, it emphasizes three processes essential for all indexes: comprehensive design, vocabulary management, and the provision of syntax. The Committee that prepared this technical report has tried to address complex issues in the most straightforward manner possib
32、le, but we recognize that in addressing such a complex process as indexing, simple language cannot always suffice. Our task was complicated by our charge to address in a single document all types of indexes used for information retrieval. The technical terminology associated with various types of in
33、dexes is not always compatible. We attempted to bring some uniformity to the terminology of indexing, spanning the several disciplines and professions most directly concerned. The world of information retrieval indexes is changing rapidly. Publishers who in the past produced only print-on-paper book
34、s are now issuing books on electronic disks, replacing the traditional back-of-thebook index with an electronic index. Other non-traditionai indexes are in use for other media. This report speaks to the fastchanging context of indexes and indexing by identifying generic criteria that apply to all ty
35、pes of indexes, such as criteria related to vocabulary management and syntax, as well as recommendations that apply only to particular types of indexes. To help persons interested only in particular types of indexes, the report includes four guides, one each for: print indexes for single documents (
36、including back-of-the-book indexes) database and other continuing indexes automatic/algorithmic indexing indexes designed for electronic searching (non-displayed indexes) These guides point to the most important recommendations for these categories of indexes. The committee that developed this repor
37、t wishes to thank Jessica Milstead, liaison from the NICO Standards Development Committee and chair of the NISO committee that created the 1984 standard on indexes, for her constant support and assistance, and also Nancy Mulvany of the American Society of Indexers for her valuable contributions as a
38、 member of the committee in the early years of the project. We also thank the hundreds of members of information and library associations who contributed feedback and suggestions throughout the work of the committee. Finally, I would like to thank Patricia Harris, NICO Executive Director, for her su
39、pport and assistance to the committee throughout the six years that we worked on this project, and especially for her faith in OUT work when obstacles appeared to be great. I also want to thank our editor Anita DeVivo and typesetter Sue Watemian for their colle and conscientious assistance. James D.
40、 Anderson, Committee Chair Rutgers University Members of the NISO Standards Committee W: Barbara Anderson, Knight-Ridder Information, Inc. Catherine Grissom, U.S. Department of Energy Barbara Preschel, Public Affairs Information Service Deborah Swain, IBM and Society for Technical Communication Hans
41、 Wellisch, University of Ma yknd Page vii I l 1 STD.NIS0 TR02-ENGL 2997 9 b478908 O003756 343 I TRO2-1997 O. Introduction 0.1 Summary of major sections This technical report consists of 9 sections. They are briefly summarized here: 1. Scope of the report describes aspects of index preparation and pr
42、esentation addressed in the re- port. This section encompasses principles, rather than detailed procedures, for the presentation of print and electronic indexes compiled by human analysis and by computer algorithm for the re- trieval of all types of documents. It includes both displayed indexes, des
43、igned for searching by means of human visual inspection, and non-displayed indexes, designed for searching by means of elec- tronic comparison and matching. 2. Definitions lists only major and essential terms with their definitions. These terms and many addi- tional tem are defined in a glossary app
44、ended to the report. 3. Function of an index gives an expanded defini- tion of “index” in the context of information re- trieval in terms of the minimum functions an index ought to perform. 4. Types of index continues and expands the defi- nition of ”index” in terms of the variety of types of index.
45、 5. Design of indexes summarizes the design of indexes in terms of decision options for 18 key aspects or attributes of indexes. For the most part, these guidelines do not favor particular choices or options, but instead urge that decisions on options (a) be based primady on needs, habits, and prefe
46、r- ences of users; ) that publishers and producers of indexes agree on attribute options prior to the production of an index; and (c) that all special or unusual options or attributes be made clear to index users. 6. Vocabulary recommends sources for and forms of terms usech indexes. These guideline
47、s empha- size the importance of linking alternative terms and forms of terms for the same or similar concepts. They recommend linking terms for related con- cepts as well. In displayed indexes, the display of vocabulary information should be integrated into the display of the index. In non-displayed
48、 indexes, the search interface should provide for the display of vocabulary and term relationships at the time a search statement is created. 7. Headings, entries, and search statements de- scribes a wide variety of syntactic methods and styles for the combination of terms to create index headings a
49、nd entries in displayed indexes and search statements for non-displayed indexes. The principal recommendation states that such combi- nation is absolutely essential, regardless of the type of index. 8. Display of index arrays lists options and recom- mendations for the display of indexes or parts of indexes, including arrays of retrieved entries or records from non-displayed indexes. 9. Alphanumeric arrangement contains rules for the arrangement of alphanumeric indexes. Appended to the technical report are a compre- hensive glossaq of terms related to indexes and indexing-
