1、Best Practices Entry: Best Practice Info:a71 Committee Approval Date: 2000-03-16a71 Center Point of Contact: MSFCa71 Submitted by: Wil HarkinsSubject: Battery Selection Practice for Aerospace Power Systems Practice: When selecting batteries for space flight applications, the following requirements s
2、hould be considered: ampere-hour capacity, rechargeability, depth of discharge (DOD), lifetime, temperature environments, ruggedness, and weight. Many batteries have been qualified and used for space flight, enhancing the ease of selecting the right battery.Programs that Certify Usage: This practice
3、 has been used on Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB); Space Shuttle External Tank (ET); Materials Experiment Assembly (MEA); Inertial Upper Stage (IUS); Tethered Satellite System (TSS); Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS); Saturn IB Launch Vehicle; Saturn V Launch Vehicle; Skylab; High Energy Astronomy
4、 Observatory (HEAO); Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV); and Hubble Space Telescope (HST).Center to Contact for Information: MSFCImplementation Method: This Lesson Learned is based on Reliability Practice No. PD-ED-1221; from NASA Technical Memorandum 4322A, NASA Reliability Preferred Practices for Design a
5、nd Test.Benefit:Selection of the optimum battery for space flight applications results in a safe, effective, efficient, Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-and economical power storage capability. The optimum battery also enhances launch
6、operations, minimizes impacts to resources, supports contingency operations, and meets demand loads.Implementation Method:Primary batteries, those which are not recharged are and useful for short duration, are used principally for providing electrical power for launch vehicles. These batteries must
7、have high energy density, high current capabilities, and good reliability. MSFC has had experience with Lithium/Monoflouride (Li/CF), Lithium/Thionyl Chloride (Li/SOCl2), and Silver/Zinc (Ag/Zn) primary batteries.Secondary batteries, those which are discharged and then recharged numerous times, are
8、principally used for spacecraft, satellite, and other long-term space-oriented applications. In space applications, reliability, costs, producibility, responsiveness, risks, safety, and maintainability are more important than high current content. MSFC has had experience with Silver/Zinc (Ag/Zn), Ni
9、ckel/Hydrogen (Ni/H2), Nickel/Cadmium (Ni/Cd), Nickel/Metal Hydride (Ni/MH), and Bi Polar-Lead Acid (Bi-Pb/Acid).refer to D descriptionD Battery types are selected for specific applications based on a number of factors including specific energy and energy density (see Figures 1 and 2), lifetime, num
10、ber of cycles, discharge rate, charge retention, shelf life, ruggedness, operating temperature, and other factors. Figure 3 presents these factors for various battery types. Figure 3 should be used by the designer as an initial tool for selecting the required battery type. The design of batteries fo
11、r space flight should be accompanied by battery level electrical, mechanical and thermal analysis.Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-refer to D descriptionD A typical battery selection flow chart is shown on Figure 4. After the program i
12、s identified and electrical power requirements are established, a trade study should be performed to determine the actual battery (primary or secondary) that will fulfill the requirements at a reasonable cost. Cell selection includes charge voltage, discharge capacity, and discharge voltage after cy
13、cling. Establishing the battery size is determined by the number of cells required to provide the required electrical power, i.e., a 24-volt battery using a 1.5 volt cell will require 16 cells. Mechanical packaging of the cells into a battery requires such parameters as cell type, number of cells, w
14、eight, length, height, temperature requirements, mounting method, vibration environment, electrical feed through, and venting requirements to ensure proper functioning of the battery. Perhaps the most important part of selecting a battery is the selection of a reliable cell/battery manufacturer. Pre
15、ferably one that has consistently produced high quality and reliable batteries. Manufacturing engineers should critique the design for producibility and testability early in the design process and make corrective suggestions when problems are discovered.Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction o
16、r networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-refer to D descriptionD Accelerated life testing of batteries is extremely difficult due to the nature of the chemical reaction between the electrolyte and the positive and negative electrodes. Therefore, preferred type and configuration of the bat
17、tery should be selected early in the program to allow for lifetime testing.Performance testing of the selected battery can be accomplished in parallel with life testing. Performance testing should be accomplished in an environment to which the battery is expected to be exposed during operation. The
18、battery should demonstrate during testing that it will deliver the required electrical power and will charge and discharge as designed.Technical Rationale:MSFCs aerospace flight battery experience comes from a combination of its own in-house laboratory experience on numerous programs; from coordinat
19、ion with battery manufacturers, prime contractors, and subcontractors for a number of launch vehicles, space vehicles, and experiments; and from many years of participation in NASA/industry aerospace battery workshops. Two such workshops, hosted by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala
20、bama, were attended by approximately 200 persons each, representing both Government and industry. Credit must be given to the interdisciplinary efforts of Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Headquarters, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Johnson Space Center, Kennedy Space Center, Ames Research Center, Lang
21、ley Research Center, Lewis Research Center, and their suppliers and contractors, as well as to many academic and nonprofit organizations who have contributed to the battery research leading to this body of knowledge.References:1. Bykat, Alex, “Design of an Expert System for Diagnosis of a Space Born
22、e Battery Based Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Electric Power System,“ University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, IECEC, Vol. I Aerospace Power Systems Conference, August 1990.2. Dunlop, J. D., “NASA Handbook for Nickel-Hydrogen Batteri
23、es,“ Preliminary Draft, Goddard Space Flight Center, June 1991.3. Glover, D.G., “Aerospace Energy Systems Laboratory: Requirements and Design Approach,“ Ames Research Center, Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards AFB, CA, NASA Technical Memorandum 100423, 1988.4. Guthals, D.L. and Olbert, Phil, “
24、CRRES Battery Workshop,“ Ball Space Systems Division, letters dated March 11 and 16, 1992.5. Halper, G., Subbarao, S., and Rowlette, J.J., “The NASA Aerospace Battery Safety Handbook,“ JPL Publication 86-14, July 15, 1986.6. Jones, Dr. G.M., “ATM Electrical Power System Post Mission Design and Perfo
25、rmance Review,“ George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Report No. 40M22430, February 6, 1975.7. Kennedy, L. M., “1990 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop,“ 1991, NASA Conference Publication 3119, Marshall Space Flight Center, December 4-6, 1990.8. Linden, David, Handbook of Batteries and Fuel Cells, McG
26、raw Hill Inc., 1984.9. Manned Space Vehicle Battery Safety Handbook, NASA, Johnson Space Center, JSC 20793, September 1985.10. MIL-B-81502B(AS), “Battery, Silver-Zinc-Alkali, General Specification for,“ February 26, 1980.11. MIL-B-82117D, “Battery, Storage, Silver-Zinc, Rechargeable, General Specifi
27、cation for,“ July 25, 1983.12. NASA SP-172, “Batteries for Space Power Systems,“ NASA 1968.Impact of Non-Practice: Failure to adhere to proven battery selection practices could cause shortened mission life, premature cessation of component or experiment operation, mission failure, and in extreme cas
28、es, loss of mission or life. All phases of battery use, from battery selection to installation in the launch vehicle or orbiting spacecraft, must adhere to the proven design and safe battery practice.Related Practices: N/AAdditional Info: Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Approval Info: a71 Approval Date: 2000-03-16a71 Approval Name: Eric Raynora71 Approval Organization: QSa71 Approval Phone Number: 202-358-4738Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-
