1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2003 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
3、reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax: 724
4、-776-0790Email: custsvcsae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgAEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICEARP5364Issued 2003-03Human Factor Considerations in the Design of MultifunctionDisplay Systems for Civil AircraftFOREWORDThis Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP) document contains information developed by
5、 the SAE G-10 Multifunction Display (MFD) Subcommittee that is intended to be used for guidance in the design of multifunction display systems to be installed in a civil aircraft flight deck.Modern technology has made it possible to install electronic flight instruments, either head-down or head-up,
6、 that are capable of providing flight information previously displayed on electro-mechanical instruments. In addition, systems can be designed to provide a flight crew selectable display of information from several systems on the same unit, either individually, or in combinations of two or more sets
7、 of information. The integration of new systems, such as traffic information, navigation, terrain guidance, geographical mapping functions, data link and weather, among others, into the flight deck, where space is at a premium, has created the need to integrate these functions into multifunction fli
8、ght deck display systems.The additional information provided by the new systems is extremely valuable in improving flight crew situational awareness (to include single pilot operation), communications, and efficiency, and overall safety of modern flight. However, there is a danger of overloading fli
9、ght crews and not gaining full benefit from the systems. To avoid this, it is important that guidelines and standards for the design and integration of MFDs be developed, particularly in areas related to human performance and limitations, perception, ergonomics, cognitive abilities, automation and i
10、nformation processing. These data should be applied in conjunction with a complete task analysis to ensure that system performance requirements are well defined prior to the actual integration and implementation of the functioning MFD system. The overall goal is to minimize flight crew task loading
11、and enhance human performance consistent with the overall required performance and safety goals of the aircraft system.SAE ARP5364 - 2 -TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE .51.1 Purpose.52. REFERENCES .62.1 SAE Publications.62.2 U.S. Government Publications72.3 Other Publications.82.4 Definitions .82.5 Abbrev
12、iations and Acronyms 83. SYSTEMS FUNCTION .113.1 Primary Flight Information.113.2 Primary Flight Display .113.3 Primary Engine Information.123.4 Secondary Engine Information123.5 Visual Crew Alerting System (CAS) Information .123.6 Navigation Information 133.7 Weather Information133.7.1 Weather Rada
13、r143.7.2 Icing Information and Alerts 143.7.3 Lightning Information and Alerts .143.7.4 Windshear Information and Alerts.143.7.5 Wake Vortex/Clear Air Turbulence Information and Alerts143.8 Terrain and Obstacles .143.9 Airport Mapping.153.10 Traffic Information .153.11 Aircraft Systems Functions .15
14、3.11.1 System Status Information 163.11.2 System Synoptic Displays.163.11.3 Aircraft Configuration 163.11.4 Self-Diagnostics 163.12 Data Link Functions 173.12.1 Controller to Pilot Data Link Communications.173.12.2 Aeronautical Operational Control Data Link183.13 The Radio Management System Function
15、183.14 Electronic Data Management System.193.15 Electronic Checklist.203.16 Imaging Systems.20SAE ARP5364 - 3 -TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)4. DESIGN OBJECTIVES.214.1 Crew Interface.214.1.1 Consistency of Design 214.1.2 Simplicity.214.1.3 Intuitiveness 224.1.4 Readability 224.1.5 Accessibility.224.2
16、 Information Characteristics .224.2.1 System Response and Information Accuracy .224.2.2 Conflicting Information 234.3 Reliability.234.3.1 Maintain Situational Awareness 234.3.2 Error and Fault Detection and Verification 234.3.3 False Alarms .234.3.4 Failure Effects on Other Systems .234.4 Mode and D
17、ata Source Awareness 234.5 Display Design Considerations .244.5.1 Coding.244.5.2 Symbology 244.5.3 Color244.5.4 Discrimination254.5.5 Glare and Reflections254.5.6 Ghost Images254.5.7 Display Drift.254.5.8 Display Flicker and Jitter.254.5.9 Parallax Errors 265. IMPLEMENTATION AND INTEGRATION.265.1 Us
18、er Input Controls .265.1.1 Direct Control 265.1.2 Indirect Control275.2 Layering 275.3 Clutter Control.285.4 Automatic Switching and Pop-Ups285.5 Visual Crew Alerting and Display Prioritization .295.6 Sensor and Information Fusion.295.7 Windowing and Data Block .305.8 Reconfiguration Modes .305.9 Sy
19、noptic, System Displays and Maintenance Pages315.10 Data Link.315.11 Menu Structures and Architecture.315.12 Default Settings.325.12.1 Power-Up 32SAE ARP5364 - 4 -TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)5.12.2 Multiple Pages.325.12.3 Sub-Function Status325.12.4 Default Parameter Insertion 325.12.5 Blank Parame
20、ter Boxes 325.12.6 Cursor Positioning.335.13 Overlays335.14 Self-Test 335.15 Data Storage and Retrieval.335.15.1 Data Storage .335.15.2 Data Retrieval .335.16 Retrofit Integration.346. TRAINING.347. GLOSSARY 35APPENDIX A RELATED LITERATURE.39APPENDIX B EXAMPLES OF EXISTING DISPLAY COMBINATIONS OF MF
21、D FUNCTIONS51SAE ARP5364 - 5 -1. SCOPE:The function of a multifunctional display (MFD) system is to provide the crew access to a variety of data, or combinations of data, used to fly the aircraft, to navigate, to communicate, and to manage aircraft systems. MFDs may also display primary flight infor
22、mation (PFI) as needed to insure continuity of operations. This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors considerations for MFD systems.The MFD system may contain one or more electronic display devices capable of presenting data in several possible form
23、ats. MFDs are designed to depict PFI, navigation, communication, aircraft state, aircraft system management, weather, traffic, and/or other information used by the flight crew for command and control of the aircraft. The information displayed may be combined to make an integrated display or one set
24、of data may simply replace another.The information contained in this document can be applied to the design of all MFDs, including electronic flight bags (EFB), regardless of aircraft type. This document makes extensive use of “lessons learned” and information developed and currently in use by system
25、s and airframe manufacturers through the evolutionary development of todays advanced systems.Some assumptions used in developing this document include: MFDs will incorporate a human-centered design using knowledge gained from previous work and research. This document is intended to apply to new syst
26、ems or modifications to existing systems. Each function of a MFD is capable of providing accurate and timely information appropriate to the tasks of the flight crew for certain aircraft operations throughout all phases of flight. MFD systems will be based on the aeronautical English language, but ot
27、her languages may have to be considered. MFD systems will meet international harmonized certification requirements. Use of the information in this document is subject to the certification requirements for a given airplane. The design process should include operator training considerations throughout
28、 its development. PFI will be available on the flight deck at all times.1.1 Purpose:This document is meant to serve as guidance material manufacturers, operators and certifying officials on the human-factors considerations that should be included in a MFD design and implementation. The use of multif
29、unction displays is growing rapidly throughout the aviation industry and, as with most new technologies and systems, the functional design often outpaces the integration of proper human-factors considerations. Baseline guidance is needed to achieve maximum benefit from the technology, and to allow c
30、ontinued growth in usage and functionality. Just because a particular application is not discussed does not preclude the use of MFDs for addition applications as technology and needs evolve. SAE ARP5364 - 6 -1.1 (Continued):The scope of this document and various reference materials are provided in S
31、ection 1 and Section 2. Section 3 describes the functionality that could be incorporated in MFD systems. Section 4 discusses the design objectives that should be considered in MFD design, regardless of application. Section 5 addresses implementation and integration and Section 6 discusses training.
32、Appendices have been added to provide supporting information for the sections. Appendix A provides a matrix representation of possible combinations of displayed data. A bibliography of literature relevant to this document is presented in Appendix B.2. REFERENCES:The following publications form a par
33、t of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of Society of Aerospace Engineers (SAE) publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document
34、and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1 SAE Publications:Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. Only lates
35、t version of the documents will appear in the reference list.AS425C Nomenclature and Abbreviations for Use on the Flight Deck.ARP571C Flight Deck Controls and Displays for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport AircraftARP1068B Flight Deck Instrumentation, Display Criteria and Associat
36、ed Controls for Transport AircraftARP1093 Numeral, Letter it is in the process of being replaced by a broader scope supplement “Electronic Data Management System (EDMS)”)ARP4105B Abbreviations and Acronyms for Use on the Flight DeckARP4107 Aerospace Glossary for Human Factors EngineersARP4155A Human
37、 Interface Design Methodology for Integrated Display SymbologyARP4256 Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25(Transport) AircraftARP4791A Human Engineering Recommendations for Data Link SystemsARP5108 Human Factors Criteria Design for Terrain Separation Assurance Display technology
38、ARP5287 Optical Measurement Procedures for Airborne Head-Up Display (HUD)ARP5288 Transport Category Airplane Head-Up Display (HUD) SystemsARP5289 Electronic Symbols for ChartingARP5365 Human Interface Criteria for Cockpit Display of Traffic Information AS8034 Minimum Performance Standards for Airbor
39、ne Multipurpose Electronic DisplaysAS8055 Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Head-Up Display (HUD) ARP50017 Aeronautical ChartingARP50062 Human Factors Issues Associated with Terrain Separation Assurance Display Technology2.2 U.S. Government Publications:Available from Federal Aviation Admini
40、stration (FAA), 800 Independence Ave, SW, Washington, DC 20591.AC 20-EMP/ Airworthiness Approval of Aeronautical Telecommunications Network Compatible Airborne Data Link SystemsAC 20-DC Guidelines for Design Approval of Aircraft Data Communication SystemsAC 23.18 Installation of Terrain Warning Syst
41、emAC 23.1309-1C Equipment, Systems, and Installations in Part 23 AirplanesAC 23.1311-1A Installation of Electronic Display Instrument Systems in Part 23 AirplanesAC 25-11 Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display SystemsAC 25-23 Airworthiness Criteria for the Installation Approval of a Terrain
42、Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) for Part 25 AirplanesAC 25.1309-1A System Design AnalysisDOT/FAA The Interfaces between Flight Crews and Modern Flight Deck Systems. Human Factors Team (1996), Washington, DCDOT/FAA/PS-89/1 Flight Status Monitor Design Guidelines (Anderson, et al 1989)FAA-RD-81-38
43、11 Aircraft Alerting System Standardization Study: Volume II. Aircraft Alerting System Design Guidelines (Berson, et al 1981)FAR Part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category AirplanesFAR Part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category AirplanesFAR Part 27 Ai
44、rworthiness Standards: Normal Category RotorcraftFAR Part 29 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category RotorcraftJAR Part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category AirplanesSAE ARP5364 - 8 -2.2 (Continued):TSO-C92c Airborne Ground Proximity Warning EquipmentTSO-C113 Airborne Multipurpose Elec
45、tronic Displays2.3 Other Publications:ARINC 649 Electronic Library SystemsCS Report 9213 Guidelines For The Use of Color On Air Traffic Control DisplaysICAO, Annex 4 Aeronautical ChartsICAO, Annex 14 Aerodrome Design and OperationsICAO, Annex 15 Aeronautical Information Services, 10th Edition, Incor
46、porating Amendments 1-29, July 1997RTCA /DO-239 Minimal Operational Performance Standards for Traffic Information Service (TIS/TIS-B) Data Link Communication, WG3, April 1997RTCA/DO-257 MOPs for the Depiction of Navigation Information on Electronic MapsRTCA/DO-243 Cockpit Display of Traffic Informat
47、ion (CDTI)RTCA/DO-200 Preparation, Verification and Distribution of User-Selectable Navigation DatabasesRTCA/DO-200A Standards for Processing Aeronautical DataRTCA/DO-201 User Recommendations for Aeronautical Information ServicesGAMMA Publication 102.4 Definitions:Definitions of words used in this d
48、ocument shall be as noted in the Glossary of Terms. The word “shall” is used to express an essential (mandatory) requirement, such as emergency or critical situations. Compliance requires that there be no deviation. The word “should” is used to express a recommendation. Deviation from the specified
49、recommendation may require justification.2.5 Abbreviations and Acronyms:AC Advisory CircularACARS Aircraft Communications, Addressing and Reporting SystemACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance SystemADC Air Data ComputerADF Automatic Directional FinderADS Automatic Dependent SurveillanceADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-BroadcastAGL Above Ground LevelAIP Aviation Information PublicationsAOCDL Aeronautical Operational Control Data LinkAPU Auxiliary Power UnitARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc.ARD Aerospace Resource DocumentARP Aerospace Recommended PracticeAS Aerosp
