1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2011 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J1460/2_201102SURFACEVEHICLEINFORMATIONREPORTJ1460-2 FEB2011 Issued 1985-03 Stabilized 2011-02
5、Superseding J1460-2 JUN2008 Human Mechanical Impact Response Characteristics - Response of the Human Neck to Inertial Loading by the Head for Automotive Seated Postures RATIONALE The members of the SAE Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Steering Committee have reviewed J1460-2 and made a c
6、onscientious decision to stabilize this Information Report. Additional research into the inertial loading response of the human neck has been conducted since this Information Report was last revised. The neck design of the Hybrid III family of dummies was developed based on the data included in J146
7、0-2. This Information Report has historical value.STABILIZED NOTICE This document has been declared “Stabilized“ by the SAE Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Steering Committee and will no longer be subjected to periodic reviews for currency. Users are responsible for verifying references
8、 and continued suitability of technical requirements. Newer technology may exist. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1460-2 Stabilized FEB2011 Page 2 of 35 ForewordHuman mechanical
9、impact response is defined as the reaction of a body segment in terms ofmeasurable engineering parameters such as forces, accelerations, and deflections due to direct or indirect impactloading. The impact response of a body region can depend upon the test conditions used to generate the data(such as
10、 impactor shape, stiffness, mass, and body region boundary conditions) and thus, in most cases, can onlybe defined in terms of those conditions. Accordingly, the impact response of a test dummy component must beevaluated under test conditions similar to those used to obtain the defined response data
11、.A number of problems need to be addressed in defining human impact response characteristics, since mostimpact response studies use cadaver or animal surrogates to obtain data at severe impact levels. The impactresponse of surrogates can differ from that of living humans due to lack of physiological
12、 effects, such as muscletone in the cadaver subject, and lack of geometric similitude with animal subjects. In cases where sub-injury testsare conducted with volunteers, there are also problems with extrapolation of the response data to represent theresponse at higher impact severities. Some studies
13、 only include response of the body region up to the injuriouslevel while others include response well beyond the initiation of tissue structural failure associated with injury.In addition, the human form is not of unique size, shape, and proportion. There are significant geometricdifferences between
14、 and among adults and children, and males and females. The available response data in theliterature dictates that treatment of this topic be constrained essentially to guidelines for average adult maleresponses, with scaling used to define equivalent responses for the small adult female and the larg
15、e adult male.Finally, there may be response variability introduced by age, physical conditioning, and other factors not discussedhere. This variability is discussed for those body regions where such information is available.1. ScopeThis series of reports provides response characteristics of the head
16、, face, neck, shoulder, thorax,lumbar spine, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities. In each report, the descriptions of human impactresponse are based on data judged by the subcommittee to provide the most appropriate information for thedevelopment of human surrogates.Copyright SAE International Pr
17、ovided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1460-2 Stabilized FEB2011 Page 3 of 35 1.1 PurposeThis is one of a series of reports which define human mechanical impact response characteristicsfor specific body regions. The
18、se reports update SAE J1460 which is intended for use by anthropomorphic testdummy designers and analytical modelers who need quantitative definitions of human mechanical impactbehavior. These reports do not discuss criteria for assessing human impact injury potential, which are thesubject of SAE J8
19、85. Each document in the series covers material specific to a body region and will beindependently updated when new response data become available. The goal of this report is to characterizethe response of human neck due to head inertial loading when the occupant is sitting in an automotive posture.
20、2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise specified, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001
21、.SAE J211-1 MAR95Instrumentation for Impact TestPart 1Electronic InstrumentationSAE J211-2 MAR95Instrumentation for Impact TestPart 2Photographic InstrumentationSAE J885Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignSAE J1460 MAR85Human Mechanical Response CharacteristicsSAE
22、J1733Sign Convention for Vehicle Crash Testing2.1.2 ISO/TR PUBLICATIONAvailable from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036-8002ISO/TR 9790-2Road vehicles Anthropomorphic side impact dummy Part 2: Lateral neck impactresponse requirements to assess biofidelity of dummy2.1.3 OTHER PUBLICATION
23、S1. Mertz, H. J., “The Kinematics and Kinetics of Whiplash,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Wayne State University,1967.2. Mertz, H. J. and Patrick, L. M., “Investigation of the Kinematic and Kinetics of Whiplash,” SAE 670919,Eleventh Stapp Car Crash Conference, October 1967.3. Mertz, H. J. and Patrick, L. M.,
24、 “The Effect of Added Weight on the Dynamics of the Human Head,”Final Report on Contract No. DAAG-17-67-C-0202, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick,Massachusetts, 1971.4. Mertz, H. J. and Patrick, L. M., “Strength and Response of the Human Neck,” SAE 710855, FifteenthStapp Car Crash Conference, No
25、vember 1971.5. Patrick, L. M. and Chou, C.C., “Response of the Human Neck in Flexion, Extension and LateralFlexion,” Vehicle Research Institute Report VRI 7.3, SAE, 1976.6. Ewing, C. L., Thomas, D. J., Beeler, G. W., Patrick, L. M. and Gillis, D. B., “Dynamic Response of theHead and Neck of the Livi
26、ng Human to -Gx Impact Acceleration,” SAE 680792, Twelfth Stapp CarCrash Conference, October 1968.7. Ewing, C. L., Thomas, D. J., Patrick, L. M., Beeler, G. W. and Smith, M. J., “Living Human DynamicResponse to -Gx Impact Acceleration, Part II - Accelerations Measured on the Head and Neck,”Thirteent
27、h Stapp Car Crash Conference, December 1969.8. Ewing, C. L. and Thomas, D. J., “Torque Versus Angular Displacement Response of the Human Headto -Gx Impact Acceleration,” SAE 730976, Seventeenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, November1973.9. Ewing, C. L., Thomas, D. J., Lustick, L., Becker, E., Willems,
28、 G. and Muzzy, W. H., “The Effect of theInitial Position of the Head and Neck on the Dynamic Response of the Human Head and Neck to -GxImpact Acceleration,” SAE 751157, Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, November 197.10. Ewing, C. L., Thomas, D. J., Lustick, L., Muzzy, W. H., Willems, G. and Maj
29、ewski, P. L., “The Effect ofDuration, Rate of Onset and Peak Sled Acceleration on the Dynamic Response of the Human Headand Neck,” SAE 760800, Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference, October 1976.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or network
30、ing permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1460-2 Stabilized FEB2011 Page 4 of 35 11. Ewing, C. L., Thomas, D. J., Majewski, P. L., Black, R. and Lustick, L., “Measurement of Head, T1 andPelvic Response to -Gx Impact Acceleration,” SAE 770927, Twenty-First Stapp Car CrashConference, October 197
31、7.12. Ewing, C. L., Thomas, D. J., Lustick, L., Muzzy, W. H., Willems, G. C. and Majewski, P., “DynamicResponse of the Human Head and Neck to +Gy Impact Acceleration,” SAE 770928, Twenty-FirstStapp Car Crash Conference, October 1977.13. Ewing, C. L., Thomas, D. J., Lustick, L., Muzzy, W. H., Willems
32、, G. C. and Majewski, P., “Effect ofInitial Position on the Human Head and Neck Response to +Y Impact Acceleration,” SAE 780888,Twenty-Second Stapp Car Crash Conference, October 1978.14. Zaborowski, A. V., “Lateral Impact Studies,” Ninth Stapp Car Crash Conference, October 1965.15. Hu, A. S., Bean,
33、S. P. and Zimmerman, R. M., “Response of Belted Dummy and Cadaver to RearImpact,” SAE 770929, Twenty-First Stapp Car Crash Conference, October 1977.16. Tarriere, C., “Proposal for Lateral Neck Response Requirements for Severe Impact Conditions,” ISO/TC22/SC12/WG5 Document N166, 1986.17. Ferlic, D.,
34、“The Range of Motion of the Normal Cervical Spine,” Hopkins Hospital Bulletin 110, 1962.18. Buck, C.A., Dameron, F. B., Dow, M. J. and Skowlund, H. V., “Study of Normal Range of Motion in theNeck Utilizing a Bubble Goniometer,” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 40,September 19
35、59.19. Granville, A. D. and Kreezer, G., “The Maximum Amplitude and Velocity of Joint Movements in NormalMale Human Adults,” Human Biology, Volume 9, 1937.20. Foust, D. R., Chaffin, D. B., Snyder, R. G. and Baum, J. K., “Cervical Range of Motion and DynamicResponse and Strength of Cervical Muscles,”
36、 SAE 730975, Seventeenth Stapp Car CrashConference, November 1973.21. Schneider, L. W., Foust, D. R., Bowman, B. M., Snyder, . G., Chaffin, D. B., Abdelnour, T. A. andBaum, J. K., “Biomechanical Properties of the Human Neck in Lateral Flexion,” SAE 751156,Nineteenth Stapp Car Crash Conference, Novem
37、ber 1975.22. Mertz, H. J., Neathery, R. F. and Culver, C. C., “Performance Requirements and Characteristics ofMechanical Necks,” Human Impact Response - Measurement and Simulation, Plenum Press, NY,1973.23. Road Vehicles - Anthropomorphic Side Impact Dummy - Part 2 - Lateral Neck Impact ResponseRequ
38、irements to Assess Dummy Biofidelity, ISO Technical Report TR9790-2, 1989.24. Mertz, H. J., Irwin, A. L., Melvin, J. W., Stalnaker, R. L. and Beebe, M. S., “Size, Weight andBiomechanical Impact Response Requirements for Adult Size Small Female and Large MaleDummies,” SAE 890756, SP-782, March 1989.
39、2.2 Related PublicationsThe following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical, Gray, H., Bounty Books, N.Y., N.Y., 1977.3. IntroductionIn automotive collisions, the neck plays an important role in controlli
40、ng the kinematics of thehead. The primary neck characteristics affecting the resulting head kinematics are its length, range ofarticulation relative to the automotive seated posture and degree of bending resistance produced by active andpassive muscle reactions and by ligament stretch. For a crash t
41、est dummy to have human-like head motion,its neck structure must be designed to mimic these important characteristics. In addition, the crash testdummy needs to be instrumented to measure internal neck loads to assess the potential for neck injury. Thisreport will provide a summary of studies conduc
42、ted to quantify neck response characteristics produced by fore,aft, and lateral head inertial loading. Performance requirements for judging neck biofidelity based on thesedata will be given. The SAE sign convention defined in SAE J211 and SAE J1733 is used in this report (seeAppendix A). Response of
43、 the neck to pure tension, compression, torsion, shear, or direct impact will not bediscussed.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE J1460-2 Stabilized FEB2011 Page 5 of 35 4. Neck Anato
44、myThe primary load-carrying structures of the neck are the cervical spine, intervertebral disks,ligaments, and muscles. The cervical spine consists of seven bony vertebrae commonly referred to as C1through C7 (see Figure 1). The top two vertebrae have unique shapes and functions. The top vertebra, C
45、1, iscalled the atlas, and is shown in Figure 2. It supports the head at two bony articular surfaces called theoccipital condyles which are symmetrically located on the base of the skull on each side of the foramenmagnum, the hole through which the spinal cord passes, (see Figure 3). This joint allo
46、ws the head to nod fore-aft relative to C1 without unduly stretching the spinal cord. The second cervical vertebra, C2, is called the axisand is shown in Figure 4. It is characterized by a bony protuberance, the odontoid process, which extendsupwards into the atlas. The odontoid process forms an axi
47、s for head rotation as in the “no” gesture. The thirdthrough seventh cervical vertebrae, C3 through C7, are similar to the other vertebrae of the spine with theirsize increasing as one proceeds down the spine, (see Figure 5). These vertebrae have smooth superior andinferior bony surfaces called face
48、ts which form articular joints with adjacent vertebrae. The bodies of C2through C7 are separated by fluid-filled fibrous pads called intervertebral disks. The amount of relative motionthat can occur between adjacent vertebrae is limited by the articular joints and intervertebral disks as well asby f
49、ibrous tissue called ligaments which bind adjacent vertebrae together. Figure 6 is a lateral cross-sectionalview of the base of the skull and of C1 and C2 which shows various ligaments, articular joints, intervertebraldisks, and the spinal cord canal. Figure 7 is a posterior cross-sectional view of the base
