1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2016 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visithttp:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/J2828_201611SURFACE VEHICLEINFORMATION REPORTJ2828 NOV2016Issued 2010-04Revised 2016-11Supers
5、eding J2828 APR2010Off-Road Tire Fire Handling GuidelinesRATIONALEMinor revisions have been made to better define underinflation and its associated hazards and to note the difficulty in extinguishing smoldering rubber. Appendix A, Tire Fire Report - Example, has been added.FOREWORDOff-road machine t
6、ire fires have been ignited due to machine faults or abnormal operation, poor maintenance practices, and adverse work site conditions. These fires have resulted in personnel injury, damage to equipment and the environment and disruption of operations. This information report provides guidelines to h
7、elp prevent tire fires, provide guidance for immediate action by equipment operators and subsequently for firefighting personnel.TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE 21.1 Purpose. 22. REFERENCES 22.1 Applicable Documents 22.1.1 SAE Publications. 22.2 Related Publications . 32.2.1 International Fire Service Tra
8、ining Association (IFSTA) Publication 32.2.2 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Publications . 32.2.3 Government of Western Australia Department of Mines and Petroleum Publication. 33. DEFINITIONS . 34. CAUSES OF TIRE FIRES AND RELATED EXPLOSIONS 45. TIRE FIRE PROCEDURES 45.1 General 45.2 W
9、ritten Procedures . 45.3 Machine Operator . 55.4 Supervisor . 55.5 Rescue Vehicle Driver. 55.6 Fire or Water Truck Operator 65.7 Emergency Responders 6SAE INTERNATIONAL J2828 NOV2016 Page 2 of 96. POST TIRE FIRE PROCEDURES . 76.1 General 77. WAYS TO PREVENT TIRE FIRES. 78. NOTES 88.1 Revision Indica
10、tor 8APPENDIX A . 91. SCOPEThis SAE Informational report applies to tires used on off-road, rubber-tired work machines as identified in SAE J1116. This SAE document provides general guidelines for proper handling of potential and actual off-road tire fires and possible related explosions.1.1 Purpose
11、The purpose of this SAE document is to provide guidelines for construction, mining, and industrial operations in the development of site specific plans to reduce the risk of injury to personnel, loss of equipment, or both as a result of a tire fire or related explosion. Tires with a diameter code of
12、 20 or larger present a greater hazard.2. REFERENCES2.1 Applicable DocumentsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PublicationsAvailable from SAE International
13、, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.SAE J751 Off-Road Tire and Rim ClassificationConstruction MachinesSAE J1098 Ton Kilometer Per Hour ApplicationSAE J1116 Categories of Off-Road Self-Propelled W
14、ork MachinesSAE J1315 Off-Road Tire and Rim Selection and ApplicationSAE J1337 Off-Road Maintenance Procedures and Service PrecautionsSAE INTERNATIONAL J2828 NOV2016 Page 3 of 92.2 Related PublicationsThe following publications are provided for information purposes and are not a required part of thi
15、s document.2.2.1 International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA) PublicationAvailable from International Fire Service Training Association, 930 N. Willis, Stillwater, OK 74078, Tel: 800-654-4055, www.ifsta.org.Essentials of Fire Fighting2.2.2 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Publi
16、cationsAvailable from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, Tel: 617-770-3000, www.nfpa.org.NFPA 600 Standard on Industrial Fire BrigadesNFPA 1001 Standard for Fire Fighter Professional QualificationsNFPA 1500 Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safet
17、y andHealth2.2.3 Government of Western Australia Department of Mines and Petroleum PublicationAvailable from Department of Mines and Petroleum, Mineral House, 100 Plain Street, East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Tel: +61-8-9222-3229, www.dmp.wa.gov.au.2005, Tyre Safety, Fires and ExplosionsGuidelin
18、e: Safety and Health Division, Department of Industry and Resources, Western Australia, 12 pp.3. DEFINITIONS3.1 SURFACE TIRE FIRESurface combustion of tire tread or sidewall area normally due to an outside heat source.3.2 INTERNAL TIRE FIREInternal combustion of tire liner and associated components.
19、 Internal tire fires can be undetectable. Furthermore, accumulations of incomplete products of combustion (flammable gases) as well as tire pressure build-up within the tire can create a significant explosion hazard.3.3 AUTO-IGNITIONThe ignition of a material without the application of an external s
20、park or flame. Auto-ignition can occur either when acombustible material comes in contact with a sufficiently hot surface, or when the material can undergo a self heating process or reaction. For both scenarios, oxygen or another oxidizer must be available to support combustion (spontaneous ignition
21、).3.4 INCOMPLETE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTIONThe products of combustion typically produced by burning rubber that are themselves ignitable under certain conditions. These products typically include many different hydrocarbon gases and carbon monoxide.SAE INTERNATIONAL J2828 NOV2016 Page 4 of 94. CAUSES OF
22、 TIRE FIRES AND RELATED EXPLOSIONSWARNING: ANY TIRE, RIM, OR WHEEL THAT HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN A FIRE, EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPERATURES FROM A TORCH, BRAKE FIRE, ETC., OR THAT HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN A LIGHTNING STRIKE OR CONTACT WITH HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUITS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED HAZARDOUS. STAY AT LEAST 300 M
23、AWAY FROM THE TIRE FOR AT LEAST 24 HOURS. MUCH GREATER DISTANCES MIGHT BE NEEDED TO ENSURE SAFETY OF PERSONNEL IF THE TIRE EXPLODES. ALLOW AS MUCH DISTANCE AS PRACTICAL. KEEP THE BODY OF THE MACHINE BETWEEN YOU AND THE TIRE FIRE.4.1 Contact or electric arc with overhead power lines, power cables.4.2
24、 Lightning strikes.4.3 Overheated brakes or brake fires.4.4 Welding or heating on a rim with a tire mounted is never to be allowed.WARNING: ANY INADVERTENT OR INTENTIONAL APPLICATION OF HEAT FROM A WELDING DEVICE OR OPEN FLAME TO AN ASSEMBLED TIRE AND RIM, WHETHER INFLATED OR NOT, CAN CREATE AN UNDE
25、TECTABLE INTERNAL TIRE FIRE. THIS SITUATION CONSTITUTES A “POSSIBLE“ TIRE FIRE CONDITION AND THE OFF-ROAD TIRE FIRE HANDLING GUIDELINES OUTLINED HEREIN SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY INVOKED.4.5 Machine fires.4.6 Tire heat separations.4.7 Severe underinflation (less than 80% of operating pressure).4.8 Foreig
26、n material in the tire.4.9 Contact with external heat sources; e.g., hot slag, etc.5. TIRE FIRE PROCEDURES5.1 GeneralThe development and use of the procedures in 5.2 through 5.7 is highly recommended in the event of a possible or actual tire fire. Where a public fire department or private fire briga
27、de might respond to machine or tire fires at the property, a copy of this standard should be made available to all such responders prior to any emergency. These procedures can provide these organizations with important information crucial to effective preplanning.WARNING: A TIRE CAN EXPLODE ANYTIME
28、DURING OR AFTER A TIRE FIRE. (EXPLOSIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED UP TO EIGHT HOURS AFTER A TIRE FIRE HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED.)5.2 Written ProceduresEach off-road tire user should develop a site specific written plan that clearly outlines the procedures to be taken in the event of a tire fire. It can be app
29、ropriate for smaller operations and owner-operators to develop a less formal plan or rely solely on training. This plan should clearly define the roles of each involved or responsible person, including the machine operator, the operators supervisor, the various levels of management, and support pers
30、onnel. The procedures should cover the operation of specific equipment (such as the operation of tires in steel mills where hot slag is present) and be updated as work site conditions change; e.g., changes of work site layout, types of machines, types of tires, fire fighting equipment, and personnel
31、.SAE INTERNATIONAL J2828 NOV2016 Page 5 of 95.3 Machine OperatorUpon becoming aware of a possible or actual fire (e.g., smell, heat smoke, flames, or other), the operator is to:5.3.1 Bring the machine to a safe and controlled stop, lower all attachments, shut down the machine, and set the parking br
32、ake.5.3.2 Follow fire emergency procedures such as actuating the machine mounted fire suppression system, if available.5.3.3 Evacuate the machine, doing so on the opposite side of the machine from the tire fire if possible. Retreat to a distance not less than 300 m away from the machine. Much greate
33、r distances might be needed to ensure safety of personnel if the tire explodes. Allow as much distance as practical. Keep the body of the machine between you and the tire fire.5.3.4 Warn others in the vicinity of the fire, do not block haul roads or access roads unless trained and properly equipped
34、to do so, and wait for emergency personnel to arrive.5.3.5 No attempt by the operator or anyone else should be made to extinguish the tire fire with a hand-held extinguisher.5.3.6 Notify “Dispatch“, shift supervisor, or other appropriate personnel of the emergency, the operators name, and the operat
35、ors plan to react to the emergency as instructed by supervision (see 5.4.2).5.4 Supervisor5.4.1 Emergency equipment to fight a tire fire should be readily available to emergency response personnel and be maintained.5.4.2 Upon notification of a possible or actual tire fire, the supervisor is to immed
36、iately direct the affected machines operator on what emergency procedures to take.5.4.3 Contact appropriate emergency personnel and direct the nearest fire or water truck to the fire.5.4.4 Establish adequate road blocks for the area at a minimum distance of 300 m from the machine. Much greater dista
37、nces might be needed to ensure personnel safety if the tire explodes. Allow as much distance as practical. Keep the body of the machine between you and the tire fire. Prohibit all but essential personnel access to the area.5.4.5 Using the fire or water truck, assume control of firefighting or cool d
38、own operations.5.4.6 If required, dispatch another machine (if possible, of the same size and type) to the emergency area to serve as an operator rescue machine. (This procedure primarily applies to haul trucks).5.4.7 Insure that the fire is completely extinguished. A remote sensing device might be
39、able to accomplish this.WARNING: INTERNAL TIRE FIRES CAN BE UNDETECTABLE.5.4.8 Insure that no personnel approach the machine for at least 24 hours after the fire is believed to have been extinguished. If a fire is suspected, wait an additional 24 hours.5.4.9 Gather all information necessary to compl
40、ete a thorough report including, but not limited to, causes of the fire, actions taken to combat the fire, suggested actions to prevent a re-occurrence, etc. (see Appendix A).5.5 Rescue Vehicle Driver5.5.1 See 5.3.6. If the operator of the truck on fire is unable to safely evacuate the machine and r
41、escue by a second machine (if possible, of the same size and type as the affected machine) is necessary, the rescue machine operator should proceed to the truck on fire as directed by a supervisor. This procedure primarily applies to haul trucks. SAE INTERNATIONAL J2828 NOV2016 Page 6 of 95.5.2 At t
42、he direction of the supervisor, the rescue machine should approach the machine from the front or side opposite the fire.5.5.3 If required, assist the affected machine operator into the rescue vehicle and evacuate the area. Move at least 300 m away from the truck on fire. Much greater distances might
43、 be needed to ensure safety of personnel if the tire explodes. Allow as much distance as practical. Keep the body of the machine between you and the tire fire.5.6 Fire or Water Truck Operator5.6.1 See 5.3.4. As directed by a supervisor, proceed to the site of the fire. Back the fire or water truck t
44、oward the affected, tire keeping the body of the fire or water truck between the affected machine and the cab of the fire or water truck.5.6.2 Thoroughly douse the affected tire with water. Other effective fire retardants (such as foam) can also be used and can be more effective than water.5.6.3 Aft
45、er the machine operator has been removed and the tire fire extinguished, the machine should be isolated for a distance of at least 300 m and remain parked for not less than 24 hours to allow the tire and vehicle to cool down before being approached by any personnel. Insure that the fire is completel
46、y extinguished. A remote sensing device might be able to accomplish this.WARNING: INTERNAL TIRE FIRES CAN BE UNDETECTABLE.5.7 Emergency Responders5.7.1 See 5.3.4. As directed by a supervisor, proceed to the site of the fire.5.7.2 Burning tires, or burning machines with tires, should be fought from a
47、 maximum distance using apparatus-mounted or portable master stream appliances.5.7.3 Close approach to such fires should not be made with hand-held hose lines unless it is to affect a rescue. Even in such cases, the benefits of a rescue need to be weighed against the potential dangers to rescue pers
48、onnel.5.7.4 Whenever possible firefighting apparatus, equipment, and manpower should always remain upgrade of the fire. Burning machines have been known to suddenly roll downhill when their braking systems unexpectedly failed. The path of roll of the machine is not predictable. Also, consider the pa
49、th of spilled fuel that might flow from the machine.5.7.5 In cases where firefighters might be exposed to smoke from a fire, positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn.5.7.6 As directed by a supervisor, back the fire or water truck toward the affected tire keeping the body of the fire or water truck between the affected machine and the cab of the fire or water truck. This also applies when using apparatus-m
