1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA
2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any
3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21095-3 SANS 1396:2008Edition 2.1Any reference to SABS 1396 is deemedto be a reference to this standard(Government Notice No. 1373 of 8 No
4、vember 2002)SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Wooden scaffold boards Published by Standards South Africa 1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001 tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12 www.stansa.co.za Standards South Africa SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 Table o
5、f changes Change No. Date Scope Amdt 1 2008 Amended to change the designation of SABS standards to SANS standards, to update the definition of “acceptable”, to remove reference to the certification mark, and to update referenced standards. Foreword This South African standard was approved by Nationa
6、l Committee StanSA SC 5110.08B, Sawn timber and semi-manufactured timber products Non-structural timber, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This document was published in July 2008. This document supersedes SABS 1396:1997 (se
7、cond edition). A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment No. 1. Annexes A, B and C form an integral part of this standard. Annex D is for information only. Introduction The main purpose of grading timber is to establish and maintain an acceptable u
8、niformity in the products of different mills, so that a given grade will represent the same quality and be usable for the same purpose, regardless of the nature of the raw materials from which it was derived or the mill by which it was produced. Grading therefore provides both manufacturers and user
9、s with known values on which to base contracts. The grading in this standard is based on the assumption that the boards are to be used in the dimensions in which they were graded. Conversion of any kind after grading will alter the size-defect ratio. Because of this and the possibility of their havi
10、ng been unsuitably stored or transported, boards marked in accordance with clause 6 of this standard cannot be assumed to comply with all the relevant requirements at any time other than the time of dispatch from the mill at which they were graded. SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 1 Contents Page Foreword
11、 Introduction 1 Scope 3 2 Normative references . 3 3 Definitions 3 4 Requirements 9 5 Inspection and methods of test. 13 6 Marking . 16 Annex A (normative) Notes to purchasers 17 Annex B (normative) Quality verification of scaffold boards and assessment of compliance with this standard . 17 Annex C
12、(normative) Methods of test 18 Annex D (informative) Bibliography. 23 SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 2 This page is intentionally left blank SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 3 Wooden scaffold boards 1 Scope This standard specifies requirements for four types (see 4.1) of wooden scaffold board (see 3.8). 2 Nor
13、mative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. All standards are subject to revision and, since any reference to a standard is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to agre
14、ements based on this standard are encouraged to ensure the use of the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from Standards South Africa. SANS 929, Plywood and composite board. SANS 1288, Preservative
15、-treated timber. SANS 1460, Laminated timber (glulam). SANS 10149, The mechanical stress grading of softwood timber (flexural method). 3 Definitions For the purposes of this standard the following definitions apply: 3.1 acceptable acceptable to the authority administering the standard, or to the par
16、ties concluding the purchase contract, as relevant Amdt 1 SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 4 3.2 bow lengthwise curvature, in its own plane, of an edge of a piece 3.3 check separation of the wood fibres along the grain of the wood that forms a crack or fissure but does not extend through a piece from one
17、face to the opposite face 3.4 cup curvature that occurs in the transverse section of a piece SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 5 3.5 general slope of grain slope of grain (as observed over a distance of at least 600 mm) on the face or the edge that is furthest away from the pith and tangential to a growth
18、ring 3.6 knot cluster four (or more) knots that are so close together that they cause a multiple distortion of the grain at the site of the group 3.7 knot whorl four (or more) closely associated knots that occur on at least two faces of a piece and that originate ostensibly at the same point of unex
19、posed pith SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 6 3.8 scaffold board decking component of a working platform that is supported on a scaffold or other suitable support 3.9 split separation of the wood fibres along the grain of the wood that forms a crack or fissure that extends through the piece, from one face
20、 to the opposite face 3.10 spring lengthwise curvature, in its own plane, of the face-side of a piece 3.11 superficial face splay knot splay knot that has been so cut that the knot does not penetrate the timber to a depth exceeding one-eighth of the thickness of the piece SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1
21、7 3.12 through-face knot knot that penetrates the timber from the face-side to the back but is not exposed on an arris 3.13 twist form of warp that appears as lengthwise spiral distortion SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 8 3.14 wane original surface of a tree, with or without bark, visible on a piece of s
22、quare-sawn timber 3.15 warp any departure (in the form of bow, cup, spring or twist, or any combination of these) from a true or plane surface of a piece SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 9 4 Requirements 4.1 Type and species Scaffold boards (see 3.8) shall be of one of the following types and shall be man
23、ufactured from the appropriate of the following species, as required (see annex A): a) solid boards: Pinus or Eucalyptus species; b) metal-strengthened solid boards: Pinus species only; c) laminated boards: Pinus or Eucalyptus species; and d) battenboards: Pinus species only. 4.2 Defects 4.2.1 Solid
24、 boards 4.2.1.1 Inherent defects Inherent defects in solid boards shall not exceed the appropriate limits given in tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Permissible knot and knot hole areas 1 2 Defects Sum of sizes1)of all knots or knot holes2)in the worst 150 mm length of a piece, max. Through-face knots (see 3.
25、12) on worst face 2/3 f Edge knots 1) On both edges judged together 2) Individual size. 1 e width of e Knot clusters (see 3.6) and knot whorls (see 3.7) (on the face-side, back and both edges judged together) . 1 f All loose knots, knot holes and knot cavities (on the face-side, back and both edges
26、judged together) 30 mm 1) See clause C.2 of annex C. 2) Provided that knots, knot holes and knot cavities of size not exceeding 10 mm, and superficial face splay knots (see 3.11) are not regarded as defects. SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 10 Table 2 Permissible defects, other than decay, insect damage,
27、cross-fracture, mechanical damage, knots and knot holes 1 2 Defect Dimensions, max. Checks (see 3.3)1)Timber of thickness less than 76 mm: 1) Sum of lengths 2) Width. Timber of thickness at least 76 mm: 1) Sum of lengths 2) Width. length of piece 2 mm length of piece 4 mm Discoloration (other than s
28、uperficial mould) Light . Medium2)Heavy. Not limited surface area surface area General slope of grain (see 3.5) 1 in 7 End splits (see 3.9)3)1) Individual length 2) Quantity. 3) Total length . 300 mm max. of 4 at each end not exceeding 600 mm Wane (see 3.14)4)On face-side and back (judged together):
29、 1) Length . 2) Width5). On worst edge: 1) Length . 2) Width. Length of piece width of piece Length of piece width of edge except that wane of greater width occurring at least 1 m away from one end of the piece shall be permitted, provided that it does not exceed 450 mm in length Warp (see 3.15) (ir
30、respective of length) Twist (see 3.13) Bow (see 3.2). Spring (see 3.10) Cup (see 3.4), per 100 mm of width of piece and pro rata for fractions of 100 mm 20 mm 20 mm 15 mm 3 mm 1) Hair checks and, in timber of thickness at least 76 mm, checks of width that do not exceed 2 mm shall not be regarded as
31、defects. 2) In comparison with the standard sample of medium discoloration held by the South African Bureau of Standards. 3) No end split shall be closer than 30 mm, at any point along the length of the split, to any arris of a board. 4) Not allowed in hardwood species. 5) Wane of width that does no
32、t exceed 15 mm shall not be regarded as a defect. SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 11 4.2.1.2 Other defects The timber shall be free from a) cross-fracture (compression breaks), b) decay, other than decay in knots, c) insect damage, other than that caused by bark borers, d) mechanical damage, other than d
33、amage that has a strength-reducing effect that does not exceed any maximum permissible strength-reducing defect given in tables 1 and 2, and that does not materially affect the finish (see 4.7), e) splits, except end splits, and f) in the case of hardwoods, any pith or brittleheart. 4.2.2 Metal-stre
34、ngthened solid boards 4.2.2.1 Inherent defects in the timber of metal-strengthened solid boards shall not exceed the appropriate limits given in tables 1 and 2. 4.2.2.2 The boards shall, in addition, have been strengthened on each face by metal plates that have a zinc coating of thickness at least 1
35、5 m. The type of plate and its application shall be such as to be acceptable (see 3.1). 4.2.2.3 There shall be no knot holes or loose knots of individual size exceeding 30 mm in areas that are not covered by metal. 4.2.3 Laminated boards Laminated boards shall comply with the requirements of SANS 14
36、60, except that the requirements for overall dimensions shall not be applicable. 4.2.4 Battenboards Battenboards shall comply with the requirements of SANS 929 for class 1 marine boards, except that a 9-ply construction shall be used. 4.3 Physical requirements 4.3.1 Dimensions The dimensions of scaf
37、fold boards shall be as required (see annex A). 4.3.1.1 Solid, metal-strengthened solid, and laminated boards The preferred dimensions, subject to the tolerances given in 4.3.2, are as follows: a) length: 2,4 m or a greater multiple of 0,3 m b) width: 228 mm c) thickness: 32 mm, 45 mm or 70 mm in th
38、e case of laminated boards, and 38 mm, 50 mm or 76 mm for boards that are not laminated. SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 12 4.3.1.2 Battenboards The preferred dimensions are as follows: a) length: 2,5 m or 3,0 m b) width: 455 mm, 610 mm, 915 mm or 1 220 mm c) thickness: 32 mm or 38 mm 4.3.2 Tolerances fo
39、r solid boards The following tolerances shall be allowed in the case of solid boards: a).length: +50 mm, 0 mm b).width: +8 mm, 3 mm c).thickness: +3 mm, 2 mm 4.4 Moisture content When determined in accordance with clause C.5 of annex C, not more than 10 % of the scaffold boards in a lot (see B.2.1.2
40、 of annex B) shall have a moisture content that, at the time of grading, exceeds 150 g/kg, and the moisture content shall not exceed 170 g/kg in any cross-section of a piece. 4.5 Moisture gradient The moisture gradient, determined in accordance with clause C.6 of annex C, in any test specimen shall
41、not exceed the appropriate of the values given in table 3. Table 3 Moisture gradient 1 2 Timber thickness mm Moisture gradient, max. g/kg 38 Over 38, up to and including 50 Over 50 20 30 50 4.6 Density The density of scaffold boards, determined in accordance with clause C.7 of annex C, shall be at l
42、east 450 kg/m3. 4.7 Finish The finish on scaffold boards shall be as required (see annex A) but should be not better than fine sawn. Corners can be chamfered not more than 15 mm 15 mm and arrises not more than 5 mm 5 mm. SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 13 4.8 Protection against end-splitting Each end of
43、each hardwood scaffold board shall be fitted with an acceptable device to protect it from end-splitting. NOTE Examples of protective devices that provide suitable protection against end-splitting are given in figure 1. 4.9 Preservative treatment If so required, scaffold boards shall have been treate
44、d with a preservative (see annex A). The treatment shall comply with the relevant requirements of SANS 1288 for hazard class H3. Boards treated with a water-borne preservative shall have been redried to a moisture content of not more than 170 g/kg. 4.10 Bending strength Each board shall have been pr
45、oof tested in accordance with 5.2.1 (or, in the case of boards of width 228 mm and thickness of not more than 38 mm, proof graded in accordance with 5.2.2), without showing any sign of failure or permanent deformation of more than 10 mm. 5 Inspection and methods of test 5.1 Inspection Visually exami
46、ne and measure each scaffold board in the sample drawn in accordance with B.2.2 of annex B for compliance with the relevant requirements of 4.2, 4.3, 4.7, 4.8 and clause 6. Use the appropriate methods given in annex C to measure the dimensions of each board and the defects that occur in each board.
47、5.2 Testing 5.2.1 Proof-loading 5.2.1.1 Principle A static load is applied to each test piece over the one-third points, i.e. at two positions that are equidistant (to within 1 % of the test span) from each other and the adjacent support. 5.2.1.2 Apparatus 5.2.1.2.1 Loading device, such that a) the
48、appropriate test load (see table 4) can be applied at the one-third position of a fixed test span of 2,3 m, b) each bearer and support extend across the full width of the face that is to be loaded or supported (as relevant) and its contact face is rounded to a radius of between 0,4 and 3,5 times the
49、 thickness of the board to be tested, and c) the load is applied by means of a suitable force applicator (for example, a hydraulic or pneumatic ram of adequate capacity and stroke, or a fixed mass). SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 14 Type 1: Bolted Type 2: Banded and nail-plated Type 3: Corrugated steel joint fasteners Type 4: Nail-plated on face Type 5: Nail-plated on end Figure 1 Devices for protection against end-splitting of boards SANS 1396:2008 Edition 2.1 15 5.2.1.2.2 Force indicator and recorder, both calibrated to indicate or record (as relevant), to with
