1、 Ap p ro v e d Copyright 2016 by THE SOCIETY OF MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION ENGINEERS 3 Barker Avenue, White Plains, NY 10601 (914) 761-1100 Approved September 15, 2016 Table Of Contents Page Foreword 2 Intellectual Property . 2 Introduction. 2 1 Scope 3 2 Conformance Notation 3 3 Normative Refere
2、nces 3 4 Terms and Acronyms 4 5 Stereoscopic (S3D) or Multi-Camera Array System Synchronization 4 5.1 Genlock Signals 5 5.2 Synchronized Shutter 5 6 Image Alignment . 5 7 Image Identification . 6 7.1 Time Stamping 6 7.2 Support of Camera Identification 6 Bibliography (Informative) . 7 SMPTE RP 2076-
3、1:2016 SMPTE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Production Timing and Synchronization for Stereoscopic (S3D) or Multi-Camera Array Page 1 of 7 pages SMPTE RP 2076-1:2016 Page 2 of 7 pages Foreword SMPTE (the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) is an internationally-recognized standards developing
4、organization. Headquartered and incorporated in the United States of America, SMPTE has members in over 80 countries on six continents. SMPTEs Engineering Documents, including Standards, Recommended Practices, and Engineering Guidelines, are prepared by SMPTEs Technology Committees. Participation in
5、 these Committees is open to all with a bona fide interest in their work. SMPTE cooperates closely with other standards-developing organizations, including ISO, IEC and ITU. SMPTE Engineering Documents are drafted in accordance with the rules given in its Standards Operations Manual. SMPTE RP 2076-1
6、 was prepared by Technology Committee 32NF. Intellectual Property At the time of publication no notice had been received by SMPTE claiming patent rights essential to the implementation of this Engineering Document. However, attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this docu
7、ment may be the subject of patent rights. SMPTE shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Introduction This section is entirely informative and does not form an integral part of this Engineering Document. Stereoscopic (S3D) or Multi-Camera Array imaging systems del
8、iver two or more images to a downstream process that may be used for depth information (segmentation, S3D) or increased spatial or temporal resolution. To maintain the fidelity of S3D or Multi-Camera Array images when captured as individual images, it is critically important that the temporal alignm
9、ent of the images be maintained at all times. Loss of alignment between the images will result in the degradation or complete destruction of the stereoscopic or Multi-Camera Array image. SMPTE RP 2076-1:2016 Page 3 of 7 pages 1 Scope This document specifies the synchronization of two or more cameras
10、 in a Stereoscopic (S3D) or Multi-Camera Array moving image camera systems. 2 Conformance Notation Normative text is text that describes elements of the design that are indispensable or contains the conformance language keywords: “shall“, “should“, or “may“. Informative text is text that is potentia
11、lly helpful to the user, but not indispensable, and can be removed, changed, or added editorially without affecting interoperability. Informative text does not contain any conformance keywords. All text in this document is, by default, normative, except: the Introduction, any section explicitly labe
12、led as “Informative“ or individual paragraphs that start with “Note:” The keywords “shall“ and “shall not“ indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the document and from which no deviation is permitted. The keywords, “should“ and “should not“ indicate that, among several
13、possibilities, one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others; or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required; or that (in the negative form) a certain possibility or course of action is deprecated but not prohibited. The keywords “m
14、ay“ and “need not“ indicate courses of action permissible within the limits of the document. The keyword “reserved” indicates a provision that is not defined at this time, shall not be used, and may be defined in the future. The keyword “forbidden” indicates “reserved” and in addition indicates that
15、 the provision will never be defined in the future. A conformant implementation according to this document is one that includes all mandatory provisions (“shall“) and, if implemented, all recommended provisions (“should“) as described. A conformant implementation need not implement optional provisio
16、ns (“may“) and need not implement them as described. Unless otherwise specified, the order of precedence of the types of normative information in this document shall be as follows: Normative prose shall be the authoritative definition; Tables shall be next; then formal languages; then figures; and t
17、hen any other language forms. 3 Normative References The following standards contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this recommended practice. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and partie
18、s to agreements based on this recommended practice are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the standards indicated below. SMPTE ST 12-1:2014, Time and Control Code SMPTE ST 274:2008, Television 1920 1080 Image Sample Structure, Digital Representation and
19、Digital Timing Reference Sequences for Multiple Picture Rates SMPTE ST 296:2012, 1280 720 Progressive Image 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 Sample Structure Analog and Digital Representation and Analog Interface SMPTE ST 318:2015, Synchronization of 59.94- or 50-Hz Related Video and Audio Systems in Analog and Digi
20、tal Areas Reference Signals SMPTE RP 2076-1:2016 Page 4 of 7 pages SMPTE ST 352:2013, Payload Identification Codes For Serial Digital Interface SMPTE ST 2051:2014, Two-Frame Marker for 48(/1.001)-Hz, 50-Hz, and 60(/1.001)-Hz Progressive Digital Video Signals on 1.5 Gb/s and 3 Gb/s Interfaces SMPTE S
21、T 2059-1:2015, Generation and Alignment of Interface Signals to the SMPTE Epoch 4 Terms and Acronyms For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 Camera As defined here for this document, a camera includes the lens and all associated equipment required to create d
22、igital representations of moving images. The camera is generally capable of stand-alone operation. 4.2 Camera Systems As defined here for this document, a camera system consists of all cameras and their associated equipment to create S3D content or for computational light field image processing. 4.3
23、 Coincident in Time With respect to dual image signals for stereoscopic television, this means that not only are the two image signals “genlocked”, but they represent the same moments in time for the image displayed. 4.4 Genlock Abbreviation of “sync Generator Lock.” Genlock is a technique for locki
24、ng a devices internal sync structures (and thus image structures) to a common external reference (a “sync generator”). 4.5 Multi-Camera Array Two or more cameras aligned to capture a single scene coincident in time for downstream light field image processing. 4.6 S3D Image Content Image content, whi
25、ch results in the viewing of a scene with the perception of depth to the observer. 4.7 Stereoscopic Relating to the use of binocular vision to create the perception of depth in an image. 4.8 Stereoscopic 3D S3D Acronym for Stereoscopic (3D). 5 Stereoscopic (S3D) or Multi-Camera Array System Synchron
26、ization A Stereoscopic (S3D) or Multi-Camera Array system should maintain synchronization of all cameras during the capture time period. This may be accomplished by locking all cameras to a master sync generator. This sync generator may be an external device or a sync signal generated from one of th
27、e cameras. (As seen below in Figure 1.) Cameras shall support a genlock method that will maintain temporal coincidence in time between all cameras within a camera system. Signal timing of the camera system shall not change or drift over the time of capture. SMPTE RP 2076-1:2016 Page 5 of 7 pages Fig
28、ure 1 Example Camera System (Informative) 5.1 Genlock Signals Cameras shall support at a minimum one of the following reference signals; SMPTE ST 318, SMPTE ST 274, SMPTE ST 296 or SMPTE ST 2059-1 allowing the cameras within a camera system to be synchronized. At applicable frame rates, camera syste
29、ms generating progressive image formats above 30 fps shall maintain two-frame alignment as per the definition in SMPTE ST 2051. 5.2 Synchronized Shutter Cameras shall have the ability to synchronize the shutter timing such that each sensor in the camera system is exposed coincident in time.1 6 Image
30、 Alignment Each individual camera image derived from a camera system shall maintain the temporal alignment appropriate to the S3D or Multi-Camera Array system in use with all other camera images derived from the camera system. Cameras within the camera system should use a similar scanning method and
31、 should maintain synchronization with the use of a genlock signal. 1 Cameras generally use a mechanical or electronic shutter system or a combination of the two depending on the frame rate of capture. An electronic global shutter method can produce better results for some post-production processes a
32、s compared to a rolling shutter method. SMPTE RP 2076-1:2016 Page 6 of 7 pages This alignment shall be maintained throughout the camera system, without change or drift during the time of capture of moving images. This alignment shall be maintained and preserved to the recording device as a part of t
33、he camera system or the output of the camera system.2 7 Image Identification 7.1 Time Stamping The camera system should have the ability to sequentially time stamp each image frame at the time of capture at each camera so that the cameras output image frames may be identified later on in post-produc
34、tion. This time stamp should conform to SMPTE ST 12-1. This time stamp should be temporally coincident across all cameras in the camera system. This may be accomplished by using an external time code generator that is locked to the camera systems synchronization or by using one of the cameras intern
35、al time code generator to provide a master time code reference to slave all other camera internal time code generators in the camera system. 7.2 Support of Camera Identification The identification of each camera should be embedded into the output file metadata or SDI signal for downstream processing
36、 or post-production processes. This can be accomplished using the SMPTE ST 352 Payload Identifier channel assignment. Ch. 1 for Left Eye (Le) or Camera 1, Ch. 2 for Right Eye (Re) or Camera 2, Ch. 3 for Camera 3 and so on. 3 2 For optimum results, fixed offsets or temporal delays between each of the
37、 images need to be avoided. If this is unavoidable, a fixed offset that does not change over time can be used provided it can be recognized by the downstream systems required to process the images. 3 SMPTE RDD 18 provides a documented KLV approach. SMPTE RP 2076-1:2016 Page 7 of 7 pages Bibliography (Informative) SMPTE ST 2059-2:2015, SMPTE Profile for Use of IEEE-1588 Precision Time Protocol in Professional Broadcast Applications SMPTE RDD 18:2012, Acquisition Metadata Sets for Video Camera Parameters
