1、1专题十四 名词名词的核心考点1.可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如:means,aircraft,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,sheep,works(工厂),cattle。(2)合成名词的复数。如:boy-friendboy-friends,go-betweengo-betweens(中间人),grown-upgrown-ups。(3)有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses 眼镜,clothes 衣服,goods 货物,trousers 裤子,belongings 所有物,wages 工资,riches 财富,surroundings 环
2、境,ashes 灰尘,compasses 圆规,cattle 家畜,congratulations 祝贺,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits 以很高热情地,give ones regards to sb. 向某人问候,in rags 衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth. 有礼貌做某事。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people,cattle,police;有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery,furniture,mankind,jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看
3、作整体,复数看作集体的各个成员。如:The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2.不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。2抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词,可数名词)in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success 获得成功 a success 一个 (件)成功的人(事)win honour 赢得荣誉 an honour 引
4、起尊敬的人(事)failure 失败 a failure 失败者by experience 靠经验 an experience 一次经历with pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 乐事抽象名词与 a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim,bath,talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She ma
5、de an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。物质名词有形或数的相应物体时,有单、复数。如:some coffee 一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees 三杯咖啡,some drink 一些饮料,a drink 一杯饮料,three drinks 三杯饮料,his hair 他的头发,a few grey hairs 几根白发,glass 玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。3.名词所有格“s”所有格的特殊表示形式有:(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重
6、量等的名词后,如:todays newspaper,five minutes walk(drive),five pounds weight,ten dollars worth of coffee。(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:the worlds population,Chinas industry,New Yorks parks。4.名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。(1)分类意义。air pollution 空气污染 boy friend 男朋友coffee cup 咖啡杯 body language 身体语言ro
7、ad accident 交通事故 the Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖(2)时间、地点、称呼等。Doctor Jack 杰克医生 Professor Li 李教授3evening school 夜校 winter sleep 冬眠(3)表目的、手段、来源、所属意义。reception desk 接待台 sports field 田径场stone table 石桌 color TV 彩电5.几组常考名词辨析(1)cause,reason,excusecause 是造成某种客观事实或现象的原因,后接介词 of;reason 是说明一种看法或行为的理由,后接介词 for;excuse 是“借口、
8、辩解”的意思。Carelessness is the cause of the accident.The reason for her coming late was that her car broke down on the way.Late again! Whats your excuse of this time?(2)sight,view,scene,scenerysight 指“景色”时为可数名词,往往指眼见的景色,如供人游览的“美景”或“名胜” ,尤指人工制成的景色。Come and see the sights of London.view 通常指自然景色,或指从远处或高处看到
9、的景观、景物。We can get a very good view of the sea from the top of the tower.scene 所表达的景色常是 scenery 的一部分,常指自然景色,也可指舞台的场景、现实生活中的场景、场面、情景。The sunrise is a beautiful scene.I was touched by the happy scene.scenery 指某地总的自然风景或景色,尤指美丽的乡间景色,是不可数名词。The best part of the trip was the scenery.It was fantastic.(3)awa
10、rd,reward两者既可作名词也可作动词。award 用作名词时,意为“奖品” 、 “奖金” ,用作动词时,常用于 award sth. to sb. 中;reward 作名词时,意为“报酬” 、 “奖励” 、 “报答” ,用作动词时,常用于 reward sb. for sth. 。He won the first award in the singing contest.He received a reward of $ 900 from the police for catching the criminal.(4)habit,custom,customshabit 指个人在长时间内逐
11、渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为和习惯;custom 则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗” 、 “习惯” ;customs 为复数名词,意思是“关税” 、 “进口税” ,当首字母大写并与 the 连用时表示“海关”的意思。题组训练4选词填空reach, cause, custom, reward, point, tradition, view, panic1.“Tommy,run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted,with clearly panic in her voice.2.Theres a tradit
12、ion in our office that when its somebodys birthday,they bring in a cake for us all to share.3.Whats the point,in your opinion,of helping him if he doesnt make an effort to help himself?4.The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major cause of global climate change.5.The ca
13、t jumped away,out of his reach.6.We have a fine view of the lake from our hotel window.7.How can I reward you for your help?8.Social customs vary greatly from country to country.1.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the youve made.(2018江苏,32)A.assignment B.associationC.ac
14、quisition D.assumption答案 D解析 句意为:努力弄明白实际正在发生的事情,而不是按照你做出的假设去行动。D 项assumption 意为“假设” ,符合语境。youve made 是定语从句,修饰 assumption,make an assumption 意为“做出假设” 。assignment 任务,作业;association 联系;acquisition 获得,得到。2.The that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore
15、the outer space.(2018天津,6)A.advice B.orderC.possibility D.invitation答案 C解析 句意为:在宇宙的其他星球上存在着生命,这一可能性一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。possibility 意为“可能性” ,符合语境,故选 C。advice 建议;order 命令,秩序;invitation 邀请,请柬。53.Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full,definitely.(2016江苏,24)A.recipe B.
16、recordC.range D.receipt答案 A解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:您能告诉我们您幸福与长寿的秘诀吗?确切地说,是充实地过好每一天。根据答语可知,此处问的是幸福与长寿的秘诀。recipe 秘诀,诀窍,符合句意。record 记录;range 范围;receipt 收据,均不符合题意。4.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight of rain later tonight.(2016天津,10)A.effect B.senseC.change D.chance答案 D解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:天气预
17、报说多云,今天夜间下雨的可能性不大。chance意为“可能性” ,符合语境。effect 结果,效应;sense 感觉,理解力;change 变化,改变。5.Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave.Id like to,but Im afraid she wont be happy with my .(2015江苏,35)A.requests B.excusesC.apologies D.regrets答案 C解析 句意为:去向你妈妈道歉,戴夫。我想去,但我担心她对我的道歉不满意。request 要求,请求;excuse 理由,借口;apology 道歉,致歉;re
18、gret 懊悔,遗憾。根据前面的“say sorry”可知选 C 项。6.One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015浙江,15)A.production B.stressC.energy D.power答案 B解析 考查名词辨析。句意为:减少压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈你的感受。6stress 压力,紧张,符合语境。production 生产,制作,产品;energy 精力,活力,干劲;power 权力,势力,影响力。7.When he
19、 was running after his brother,the boy lost his and had a bad fall.(2015湖北,21)A.balance B.chanceC.memory D.place答案 A解析 句意为:当这个男孩追赶哥哥的时候,他失去了平衡,狠狠地摔了一跤。根据句中的had a bad fall 可知,这个男孩之所以摔倒是因为失去了平衡,lose ones balance 意为“失去平衡” 。chance 机会;memory 记忆;place 地方。8.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give
20、it some and then let me know.(2015安徽,30)A.thought B.supportC.protection D.authority答案 A解析 考查名词辨析。句意为:现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。思考一下,然后让我知道。 thought 思想,思考;support 支持,维持,支援,供养;protection 保护,防卫;authority 权威,权力,当局。9.The failure was a big to him,but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015福建,2
21、4)A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor答案 A 解析 句意为:这次失败对他来说是一次不小的冲击,但是他没有气馁,很快就变得和以往一样有热情了。blow 打击,痛击,符合语境。issue 问题;excuse 借口;factor 因素。10.Her for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.(2014湖北,21)A.motivation B.qualificationC.talent D.technique答案 A解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:她写作的动机是希望女性
22、获得接受高等教育的权利。motivation 动机,目的,符合句意。qualification 资格,资历;talent 天才,天赋;technique 技能,技巧。711.We most prefer to say yes to the of someone we know and like.(2014浙江,6)A.attempts B.requestsC.doubts D.promises答案 B解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:我们大都更愿意答应我们所了解和喜欢的人的请求。request 请求,要求,符合句意。attempt 尝试;doubt 怀疑;promise 保证,承诺。12.Cou
23、ld you tell me the of making such tasty cakes?Well,I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014福建,26)A.feature B.planC.cost D.trick答案 D 解析 句意为:你能告诉我制作如此美味的蛋糕的诀窍吗?哦,我只是按照烹饪书上的说明来做的。feature 特征,特点;plan 计划;cost 费用;trick 技巧。13.Why not buy a second-hand car first if you dont have enough money for a
24、new one?Thats a good .(2014安徽,29)A.saying B.questionC.suggestion D.account答案 C解析 考查名词词义辨析。句意为:如果你的钱不够买辆新车,你为什么不先买辆二手车呢?那是个好建议。suggestion 建议,提议,符合句意。saying 谚语,格言;question 问题;account 陈述,报告,账户。14.Carbon dioxide,which makes a between us and the sun,prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily
25、,so the earth is becoming warmer.(2013湖北,22)A.difference B.comparisonC.connection D.barrier答案 D解析 句意为:二氧化碳,在我们与太阳之间设置了一道屏障,阻止热量轻易地散发到大气层中,因此地球正变得更暖和。difference 意为“区别,不同” ;comparison 意为“对比,比较” ;connection 意为“联系” ;barrier 意为“障碍,屏障” ,故选 D 项。15.With inspiration from other food cultures,American food cul
26、ture can take a for the better.8(2013江苏,33)A.share B.chance C.turn D.lead答案 C 解析 句意为:受到了其他饮食文化的启发,美国的饮食文化可以变得更好。take a share分担,为出力;take a chance 冒险;take a turn(情况、形势等)转变;转弯;take a lead 领先,带头。16.While she was in Paris,she developed a for fine art.(2013天津,7)A.way B.relationC.taste D.habit答案 C解析 考查名词辨析
27、。develop a taste for fine art 意为“培养对美术的兴趣” 。way 意为“方法” ;relation 意为“关系” ;taste 意为“口味;兴趣” ;habit 意为“习惯” 。17.Can I help you with it?I appreciate your , but I can manage it myself.(2012江苏,21)A.advice B.question C.offer D.idea答案 C解析 句意为:我可以帮你吗?我感激你主动提供帮助,但我自己能完成。offer出价,(主动提供)帮助,符合题意。advice 建议,劝告;questi
28、on 问题;idea 想法,主意。18.Youd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future .(2012江西,29)A.purpose B.referenceC.progress D.memory答案 B解析 记下电话号码是以备日后参考,for future reference 是字典中的典型表达。19.He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later.Its just a matter of .(2012四川,15)A.luck B.value
29、C.time D.fact答案 C解析 考查名词辨析。句意为:他迟早会理解你付出的努力的。这只是时间问题。根据句意可知应选 C 项。20.Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big ,but 9now I know it was the best decision I ever made.(2011湖北,22)A.project B.commitmentC.competition D.ambition答案 B解析 句意为:放弃我的工作并重新接受全日制教育是一个重大的决定,但现在我知道这是我做过的最好决定。projec
30、t 项目;commitment 承诺;投入;花费;competition 比赛;ambition 志向。根据句意可知应选 B 项。1.When the first scientists came to the deserted region two years ago,they found little evidence of human there.A.investigation B.consumptionC.experience D.occupation答案 D解析 句意为:当第一批科学家两年前来到这个荒无人烟的地方时,他们发现那里几乎没有人类居住过的痕迹。occupation 居住,占用
31、,符合语境。investigation 调查;consumption 消费,消耗;experience 经历,体验。2.To better our cultural moral character,we students might as well increase our for reading.A.qualification B.tendencyC.appetite D.application答案 C解 析 句 意 为 : 为 了 提 高 我 们 的 文 化 道 德 品 质 , 我 们 学 生 不 妨 增 强 我 们 的 阅 读 欲 望 。qualification 资 格 ; tende
32、ncy 趋 势 ; appetite 强 烈 欲 望 , 食 欲 ; application 申 请 。 根 据 句意 可 知 选 C 项 。3.Elizabeth shows great in her choice of friends,so she has a lot of trustworthy companions.(2018扬州、泰州等七市三调,21)A.comprehension B.discriminationC.determination D.consideration答案 B解析 句意为:伊丽莎白在选择朋友的时候展现出了巨大的辨别力,所以她有很多值得信任的伙伴。compreh
33、ension 理解力;discrimination 鉴别力,辨别力;determination 决心;consideration 考虑,体谅。根据句意可知,应选 B 项。4.Shall I wear a hat to attend our daughters graduation ceremony?10It doesnt make any difference,all depending on your own .(2018江苏四星级学校联考,28)A.character B.preferenceC.convenience D.privilege答案 B解析 句意为:我要戴一顶帽子去参加我们女
34、儿的毕业典礼吗?戴不戴都不会有影响,一切取决于你自己的偏好。character 性格;preference 偏爱,爱好;convenience 方便,便利;privilege 特权,优惠待遇。5.In our country quite a few young ladies are trying extreme calorie for a good figure by skipping supper.A.reservation B.restrictionC.consumption D.allocation答案 B解析 句意为:在我们国家不少年轻女士为了保持好身材正在通过不吃晚餐的方式来尝试极端
35、的卡路里(摄入)限制。restriction 限制,约束,符合语境。reservation 保留,预订;consumption 消耗;allocation 分配。6.Due to the of this medical technology,some diseases can be treated at the early stage.(2018泰州中学高三上期中,22)A.appreciation B.applicationC.appointment D.approach答案 B解析 句意为:由于这种医疗技术的应用,一些疾病可以在早期得到治疗。appreciation感谢,欣赏;applic
36、ation 应用,申请;appointment 约会;approach 方法,接近。7.Sinclairs next computer,the ZX81,was an even bigger hit,and his companys grew by 600% over the previous year.(2018如东中学高三上期中,31)A.allowance B.receiptsC.finance D.salary答案 B解析 句意为:辛克莱的下一台电脑 the ZX81 更加热销,他公司的收入比前一年增加了600%。allowance 津贴;receipts 收款,收入;finance
37、金融;salary 薪水。根据句意可知答案为 B。8.Every great accomplishment rests on the of what came before it;when you trace it back,youll see one small step that started it all.(2018苏锡常11镇一调,21)A.reputation B.expectationC.recreation D.foundation答案 D解析 reputation 名声;expectation 期望;recreation 娱乐;foundation 基础。根据句意可知,此处表
38、达的是“每一项伟大的成就都依赖于之前所有的根基” 。故选 D。9.For the final of our journey,we decided to take the coach.(2017南京三模,22)A.leg B.roundC.distance D.path答案 A解析 句意为:对于我们旅行的最后一段路程,我们决定乘坐长途客车。leg 腿,一段路程,the final leg 最后一段路程,符合语境。round 轮,局,场;distance 距离;path 小路,都不符合语境。故选 A 项。10.Many people tend to assume that just means c
39、reating something new,but actually its more than thatits an attitude of doing things.(2017南京、盐城一模,21)A.imitation B.imaginationC.innovation D.inspiration答案 C解析 句意为:很多人往往认为创新仅仅意味着创造新的东西,但事实上创新不止于此创新是一种做事的态度。innovation 革新,创新,符合句意。imitation 模仿,仿效;imagination 想象,想象力;inspiration 激励,鼓励,灵感,启发。11.Excuse me.I
40、d like to know more details on how the course is arranged.Well,the course is made up of 36 two-hour ,which will mainly be given in the evenings or on weekends.(2018江苏高考压轴,25)A.sessions B.curriculaC.terms D.criteria答案 A解析 句意为:打扰一下,我想了解更多这个课程的安排。好的,这个课程是由36 个时长两小时的课时组成的,主要在晚上或周末上课。session 学期,(进行某活动连续的
41、)一段时间;curricula 为 curriculum 的复数形式,意为“课程” ;term 学期;criteria为 criterion 的复数形式,意为“标准” 。根据语境可知选 A。12.As more and more companies extend their global ,it is easy to 12understand why new opportunities birth in various locations.(2018南京三模,29)A.concern B.appealC.reach D.consensus答案 C解析 根据句意“越来越多的公司在拓展他们的国际影
42、响力” ,reach 作名词和动词表“影响”较常考查到,平时注意积累复习即可。13.In the Name of People,a popular TV drama,shows a deep on the fight against corruption.A.argument B.themeC.reflection D.impression答案 C解析 句意为:深受欢迎的电视剧人民的名义深刻地反映了反腐的情况。argument 争论;theme 主题;reflection 反映;impression 印象。根据句意可知,选 C。14.Its said that a clean is a sof
43、t pillow,with which we can have sweet dreams.(2018扬州高三上期末,32)A.conscience B.criterionC.consciousness D.commitment答案 A解析 句意为:据说问心无愧是一个柔软的枕头,用它我们可以做好梦。conscience 良心;criterion 标准,尺度;consciousness 意识,知觉;commitment 承诺,保证。故选 A。15.The quiet life of the country has never had to me in that I have always rega
44、rded the country as something you look at through a train window.(2017苏锡常镇四市一模,21)A.appeal B.appetiteC.affection D.application 答案 A解析 句意为:宁静的乡村生活对于我来说从来都没有吸引力,因为我一直认为乡村只是人们透过火车窗户看的风景而已。appeal 吸引力,魅力;appetite 胃口,欲望;affection喜爱,钟爱;application 申请,运用。根据句意知选 A 项。16.Is it common practice that salesmen rec
45、eive a of 10 percent on all sales made?13(2017南京、盐城二模,23)A.deposit B.receiptC.pension D.commission答案 D解析 句意为:推销人员得到所有销售额百分之十的佣金是惯例吗?deposit 储蓄,存款;receipt 收条,收据;pension 退休金,养老金;commission 佣金。故选 D 项。17.Many people choose to buy new apartments near schools and supermarkets for they want to have the of
46、living and studying.A.privilege B.requirementC.convenience D.achievement答案 C解析 句意为:许多人选择在学校和超市附近买新房,因为他们想要拥有学习和生活上的便利。根据句意可知,convenience 方便,便利,符合语境。privilege 特权,特殊待遇;requirement 要求;achievement 成就,成绩。18.I will keep you informed of my so that you can know how I am going along.A.predictions B.ambitions
47、C.updates D.concerns答案 C解析 句意为:我会不断给你提供我的最新消息以便于你可以了解我的近况。根据句意可知,update 最新消息,符合语境。prediction 预测,预言;ambition 夙愿,理想;concern 担忧。19.Everyone thinks that the governments that all the citizens should value our countrys traditional culture is very reasonable.A.appeal B.promiseC.command D.responsibility答案 A
48、解析 句意为:大家都认为政府呼吁所有公民应该重视我国的传统文化是非常合理的。根据句意可知,appeal 呼吁,吁请,符合语境。此外,设空后的 that 在句中引导的是同位语从句,解释说明 appeal 的具体内容。promise 承诺,许诺;command 命令;responsibility责任。20.Yunnan is one of the origin centres of tea plants and has a wide of wild tea plants.A.allocation B.circulation14C.evaluation D.distribution答案 D解析 句意为:云南是茶树的起源中心地之一,那里野生茶树(资源)分布广泛。根据句意可知,distribution 分配,分布,符合语境。allocation 配给,分配;circulation 流通,循环;evaluation 评价,评估。