1、Designation: C1717 12C1717 18Standard Test Methods forConducting Strength Tests of Masonry Wall Panels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1717; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONEngineered design of masonry structures requires accurate technical data on the strength andload-deflection behavior of masonry
3、 wall elements. These test methods provide a systematic basis forobtaining such data.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover methods for determining the strength and load-deflection characteristics of masonry wall elements.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The v
4、alues given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to
5、 establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision o
6、n Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1232 Terminology for MasonryE2126 Test Methods for Cyclic (Reversed) Load Test for She
7、ar Resistance of Vertical Elements of the Lateral Force ResistingSystems for Buildings3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology defined in Terminology C1232 shall apply for this specification.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test methods described in this standard are intended for use as a starting poi
8、nt in developing specific testing protocolsfor masonry elements.4.1.1 The testing protocols could be used for general research on the load-deflection behavior of masonry elements.4.1.2 The testing protocols could be used for qualification of masonry elements and materials by evaluation services and
9、otherparties.4.1.3 The test methods described in this standard are general, and are intended to be adaptable to address a wide range ofanticipated support and loading conditions.4.2 How the test results are interpreted will depend on the intended use of the masonry element being tested.1 These test
10、methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 onResearch.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012Dec. 15, 2018. Published December 2012January 2019. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approv
11、ed in 20102012as C1717 010.C1717 12. DOI: 10.1520/C1717-12.10.1520/C1717-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on th
12、e ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users co
13、nsult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
14、n, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Test Specimens5.1 General DescriptionThe specimens shall have materials and workmanship representative of the structural elements theyare intended to represent, and be large enough to be useful in predicting the structural performance of those elements.5.2 Length o
15、r HeightThe specimen shall be long enough (for horizontal testing) or tall enough (for vertical testing) so thatits behavior under load will simulate that of the element that the specimen is intended to represent.5.3 WidthThe specimen shall be wide enough so that its behavior under load will simulat
16、e that of the element the specimenis intended to represent.5.4 Laboratory EnvironmentMaintain the air in the laboratory at a temperature of 75 6 15F (24 6 8C) and a relativehumidity of 55 6 25 %.5.5 Preconditioning of Masonry MaterialsPrecondition materials by storing in the laboratory environment f
17、or at least 5 daysbefore use.5.6 AgeTest masonry construction at an age of at least 28 days after fabrication, unless specified otherwise.6. General Requirements for Instrumentation6.1 Load MeasurementMeasure loads with a load cell or pressure transducer having a precision better than or equal to 1
18、%of the expected maximum load.6.2 Displacement MeasurementMeasure displacements with a linear potentiometer, linear variable displacement transformer(LVDT), or dial gauge having a precision equal to or better than the lesser of 61 % of the expected maximum displacement, or60.02 in. (60.5 mm).6.3 Dat
19、a AcquisitionRecord sufficient data to define the load-displacement curve with sufficient precision for the purposes ofthe test. Each set of data (load and displacement) is referred to as a “loading point.”7. General Requirements for Loading7.1 Loading MethodLoad specimens hydraulically using a hand
20、 pump, electrical pump, or air-driven pump.7.2 Test ControlControl the load manually or automatically (servo-controlled feedback system).7.2.1 Manual ControlIf the load is controlled manually, displacements are imposed on the specimen. The loading protocolmay be based on target loads or target displ
21、acements. It is generally convenient to use target loads until the load level approachesthe expected capacity, and then use target displacements.7.2.2 Automatic ControlIf the load is controlled automatically, either load or displacement is imposed on the system. Theloading protocol may be based on t
22、arget loads or target displacements. Use load control until the load level approaches the expectedcapacity, and then use displacement control.7.3 Loading ProtocolUse a loading protocol that is appropriate for the purposes of the test. The simplest loading protocol ismonotonic loading to failure.Amor
23、e complex loading protocol is cycles of loading (possibly reversed) to monotonically increasingmaximum amplitudes. Other protocols shall be permitted to be used.NOTE 1A wide range of loading protocols for in-plane tests is provided in Test Methods E2126.8. Axial Compression Test8.1 ApparatusUse a te
24、st setup incorporating the essential aspects of Fig. 1. Design the test setup to resist at least twice themaximum anticipated load. Design the test setup so its stiffness parallel to the axis of the specimen is at least 10 the anticipatedaxial stiffness of the specimen itself. The bottom of the spec
25、imen shall be simply supported (with a zero or non-zero eccentricity)or restrained. The top of the specimen shall be simply supported (with a zero or non-zero eccentricity) or restrained.Apply the axialload at the top with a zero or non-zero eccentricity. Apply the load uniformly along the top of th
26、e specimen.8.2 Instrumentation:8.2.1 Axial LoadMeasure the applied axial load.8.2.2 Axial DeformationAttach a bracket to the specimen near the upper end, supporting a metal rod. Attach another bracketto the specimen near its lower end, supporting a displacement gauge. Other means of measuring the ax
27、ial deformation shall beacceptable, provided that they meet the requirements of 6.2.8.2.3 Out-of-plane DeflectionMeasure out-of-plane deflection using either a reference line attached to the wall, or a fixedreference.8.2.3.1 Out-of-plane Deflection Using a Reference LineMeasure out-of-plane deflecti
28、on using a deflection gauge orientedperpendicular to the plane of the wall, and placed at the mid-height and plan mid-length of the wall. Alternatively, use twodeflection gauges oriented perpendicular to the plane of the wall, and placed at the mid-height and plan ends of the wall. Attachone end of
29、the deflection gauge or gauges to the wall, and the other end to a reference line between the top and bottom of the wall.C1717 1828.2.3.2 Out-of-plane Deflection Using a Fixed ReferenceUse three deflection gauges, oriented perpendicular to the plane ofthe wall, one placed at mid-height, the other tw
30、o placed at the top and the bottom, and all placed at the plan mid-length of the wall.Attach one end of each deflection gauge to the wall, and attach the other end to a fixed reference.8.3 Data RecordingReport the bottom support conditions and eccentricity.At each loading point, record the applied l
31、oad, axialdeformation of each axial deformation gauge and the average of these deformations, and the out-of-plane deflection.9. Transverse Quarter-Point LoadingSpecimen Horizontal9.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall incorporate the essential aspects of Fig. 2, and be able to withstand at least twice the
32、anticipated maximum load, with a maximum deformation not more than 1 % of the expected deformation of the specimen.9.1.1 Roller SupportsProvide steel roller supports with steel bearing plates between the roller supports and the specimen. Usecompressible shims or a bed of gypsum capping material to e
33、nsure uniform application of the support reaction.9.1.2 Loading AssemblyThe loading assembly shall consist of two steel rollers with a steel plate between each loading rollerand the specimen. Use full-length, compressible shims or a bed of gypsum capping material to ensure uniform application of loa
34、d.9.1.3 Hydraulic Ram.9.1.4 Load-measurement Devices.9.1.5 Deflection GaugesPlace a reference frame on the upper face of the specimen. To prevent stresses from deforming theframe as the specimen deforms under load, support this frame on three hardened steel balls, each supported by a steel block ont
35、he face of the specimen. Place two of the balls in a line vertically above one support, and the third ball vertically above the othersupport. Attach two deflection gauges to the frame at midspan, one near each longitudinal edge of the specimen. Other means ofmeasuring the difference between the supp
36、ort and midspan deflections shall be acceptable, provided that they meet therequirements of 6.2.9.2 Procedure:9.2.1 LoadingApply the load to the designated face of the specimen.9.2.1.1 Quarter-point LoadingTest the specimen as a simply supported beam (Fig. 2) on a span approximately 6 in. (150 mm)le
37、ss than the specimen length. Apply two equal loads, each at a distance of one quarter of the span from the supports, toward themiddle of the span. Measure the loads using a single load cell between the hydraulic ram and the loading beam, or using two loadcells, one at each end of the loading beam. T
38、he reported load on the specimen shall include the weight of specimen between thesupports.9.2.1.2 Uniformly Distributed LoadingUniformly distributed loading shall be permitted to be used instead of quarter-pointloading, if a satisfactory method is available. Transverse load, uniformly distributed, m
39、ay be applied by air pressure, either in abag or in a chamber having the specimen as one face. Support specimens tested under uniform loading by rollers as forquarter-point loading.9.2.2 Strength on Short SpanIf the strength of the construction for a shorter span is desired, do not compute it, but t
40、est theconstruction on the short span.9.3 Data RecordingAt each loading point, record the applied load and the reading of each deflection gauge. Compute thedeflection of the midspan of the specimen as the average of the two deflection gauges.FIG. 1 Test Setup for Axial Compressive LoadingC1717 18310
41、. Transverse Quarter-Point LoadingSpecimen Vertical10.1 ApparatusThe apparatus shall incorporate the essential features of Fig. 3, and be able to withstand at least twice theanticipated maximum load, with a maximum deformation not more than 1% of the expected deformation of the specimen.10.1.1 Steel
42、 Channel.10.1.2 Roller SupportsProvide steel roller supports with steel bearing plates between the roller supports and the specimen. Usefull-length, compressible shims or a bed of gypsum capping material to ensure uniform application of the support reaction. Useroller and plates of sufficient stiffn
43、ess to ensure uniform loading across the specimen width.10.1.3 Loading AssemblyThe loading assembly shall consist of two steel rollers with a steel plate between each loading rollerand the specimen. Use full-length, compressible shims or a bed of gypsum capping material to ensure uniform application
44、 of load.Use roller and plates of sufficient stiffness to ensure uniform loading across the specimen width.10.1.4 Hydraulic Ram.10.1.5 Load-measurement Devices.10.1.6 Out-of-plane Deflection GaugesTwo sets of deflection gauges. Other means of measuring the difference between thesupport and midspan d
45、eflections shall be acceptable, provided that they meet the requirements of 6.2.10.2 ProcedureThe specimen, on a steel channel, shall be supported laterally by cylindrical rollers to prevent end restraint.The axes of the rollers shall be parallel to the faces of the specimen. The two supporting roll
46、ers shall be in contact with the verticalsurface of the frame and each roller shall rest horizontally on neoprene pads about 0.4-in. (10-mm ) thick to prevent longitudinalrestraint. Each of the two loading rollers shall also rest on neoprene pads. Apply the loads horizontally by a hydraulic ram andm
47、easure using a load cell between the hydraulic ram and the specimen, or using two load cells, one between the specimen and eachend of the loading beam. Attach two sets of out-of-plane deflection gauges to the specimen, one set at the mid-height of eachvertical edge.10.2.1 Apply the transverse load t
48、o the designated face of the specimen.10.2.1.1 Quarter-point LoadingTest the specimen as a simply supported beam (Fig. 3) (a) on a span approximately 6 in. (150mm) less than the specimen length. Apply two equal loads, each at a distance of one quarter of the span from the supports, towardthe middle
49、of the span.10.2.1.2 Uniformly Distributed LoadingUniformly distributed loading shall be permitted to be used instead of quarter-pointloading, if a satisfactory method is available. Transverse load, uniformly distributed, may be applied by air pressure, either in abag or in a chamber having the specimen as one face. face (Fig. 3 (b). Support specimens tested under uniform loading by rollersas for quarter-point loading.10.2.2 Connect a reaction platform parallel to the face to be loaded and wider than the specimen to the supports by
