1、Designation: E1995 16E1995 18 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a ConicalRadiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the TestSpecimen Oriented Horizontally1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1995; the number immediately
2、following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This is a f
3、ire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring smoke obscuration resulting from subjecting essentially flat materials,products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), not exceeding 25 mm 1 in. in thickness, in a horizontal orientation, exposedto specified levels o
4、f thermal irradiance, from a conical heater, in the presence of a pilot flame, in a single closed chamber. Optionaltesting modes exclude the pilot flame.NOTE 1The equipment used for this test method is technically equivalent to that used in ISO 5659-2 and in NFPA 270.1.3 The principal fire-test-resp
5、onse characteristic obtained from this test method is the specific optical density of smoke fromthe specimens tested, which is obtained as a function of time, for a period of 10 min.1.4 An optional fire-test-response characteristic measurable with this test method is the mass optical density (see An
6、nex A1),which is the specific optical density of smoke divided by the mass lost by the specimens during the test.1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and thicknesstested, and are not an inherent property of the material,
7、product, or assembly.1.6 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions other thanthose conditions specified in this test method. For limitations of this test method, see 5.5.1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see I
8、EEE/ASTM SI-10. The inch-pound units given in brackets are forinformation only.1.8 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard
9、 or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall beemployed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous mat
10、erials, operations, and equipment. See also6.2.1.2, Section 7, and 11.7.2.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenviron
11、mental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, G
12、uides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2843 Test Method for Density of Smoke from the Burning or Decomposition of Plastics1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05
13、 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and CombustionProducts.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2016January 2019. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20122016as E1995 12.E1995 16. DOI: 10.1520
14、/E1995-16.10.1520/E1995-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM stand
15、ard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases
16、 only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4100 Test Method
17、 for Gravimetric Determination of Smoke Particulates from Combustion Of Plastic Materials (Withdrawn1997)3D5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables WhenBurning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationE84 Test Method for Surface Burn
18、ing Characteristics of Building MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid MaterialsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile Me
19、thodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or CompositesUsing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption CalorimeterE153
20、7 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered FurnitureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Practice for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modernized Metric System2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO Guide 52Glossary of Fire Terms and DefinitionsISO 3261 Fire TestsVocab
21、ularyISO 5659-2 Determination of Specific Optical Density by a Single-Chamber TestISO 5725 Precision of Test MethodsDetermination of Repeatability and Reproducibility for Standard Test Method byInterlaboratory Tests2.3 British Standards:5BS 6809 Method of Calibration of Radiometers for Use in Fire T
22、esting2.4 NFPA Standards:6NFPA 270 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single ClosedChamber3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E176 and ISO 3261. In case of conflict,the definit
23、ions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination of materials or products, or both.3.2.2 continuous (as related to data acquisition), adjconducted at data collection intervals of 5s or less.
24、3.2.3 essentially flat surface, nsurface where the irregularity from a plane does not exceed 61 mm.3.2.4 exposed surface, nthat surface of the specimen subjected to the incident heat.3.2.5 flaming mode, nthe mode of testing that uses a pilot flame.3.2.6 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.2.6.
25、1 DiscussionThe combustion may be evidenced by glow, flame, detonation, or explosion. The combustion may be sustained or transient.3.2.7 mass optical density, nthe ratio of the optical density of smoke and the mass loss of the test specimen, multiplied bythe volume of the test chamber and divided by
26、 the length of the light path.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe mass optical density as determined in this test method is not an intrinsic material property; it is a function of the test procedureand conditions used.3.2.8 Nonflaming mode, nthe mode of testing that does not use a pilot flame.3 The last approved
27、version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56, CH-1211; Geneva 20, Switzerland, or from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5 Available from British Sta
28、ndards Institute (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd., London W4 4AL, U.K.6 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.E1995 1823.2.9 sample, nan amount of the material, product, or assembly, to be tested, which is representativ
29、e of the item as a whole.3.2.10 smoke obscuration, nthe reduction in visibility due to smoke (ISO Guide 52).3.2.11 specimen, nthe actual section of material, product, or assembly, to be placed in the test apparatus.3.2.12 time to ignition, ntime between the start of the test and the presence of a fl
30、ame on the specimen surface for a periodof at least 4s.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method assesses the reduction of light by smoke obscuration from a burning sample. The test method employs aconically-shaped, electrically-heated, radiant-energy source to produce irradiance levels of 25 an
31、d 50 kW/m2, averaged over thecenter of the exposed surface of an essentially flat specimen, and mounted horizontally inside a closed chamber. The equipmentis suitable for testing at irradiance levels of up to 50 kW/m2.4.2 The specimen is 75 by 75 mm 3 by 3 in., at a thickness not exceeding 25 mm 1 i
32、n. and is mounted horizontally withina holder.4.3 The exposure is conducted in the presence or in the absence of a pilot flame (see details in 6.3.6). If a pilot flame is usedfor ignition, the test is deemed to be in the “flaming” mode; if a pilot flame is not used, the test is deemed to be in the “
33、nonflaming”mode.4.4 The test specimens are exposed to flaming or nonflaming conditions within a closed chamber. A photometric system witha vertical light path is used to measure the varying light transmission as smoke accumulates. The light transmittance measurementsare used to calculate the specifi
34、c optical density of the smoke generated during the test.4.5 The specimens are exposed to two conditions, out of the four standard exposure conditions, to be chosen by the testrequester. The four standard exposure conditions are: flaming mode at an irradiance of 25 kW/m2, flaming mode at an irradian
35、ceof 50 kW/m2; nonflaming mode at an irradiance of 25 kW/m2; and, nonflaming mode at an irradiance of 50 kW/m2. Unlessspecified otherwise, conduct testing in the two flaming mode exposure conditions (see 8.3, X1.3 and X1.4). Exposures to otherirradiances also are possible.4.6 Mass optical density is
36、 an optional fire-test-response characteristic obtainable from this test method, by using a load cell,which continuously monitors the mass of the test specimen (see Annex A1).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke genera
37、ted by specimens ofmaterials, products, or assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to thespecimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherent fundamental properties of the material, product, or assembly tested.5.2 This test method use
38、s a photometric scale to measure smoke obscuration, which is similar to the optical density scale forhuman vision. The test method does not measure physiological aspects associated with vision.5.3 At the present time no basis exists for predicting the smoke obscuration to be generated by the specime
39、ns upon exposureto heat or flame under any fire conditions other than those specified. Moreover, as with many smoke obscuration test methods, thecorrelation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.5.4 The current smoke density chamber test, Test Method E662, is used by speci
40、fiers of floor coverings and in the railtransportation industries. The measurement of smoke obscuration is important to the researcher and the product developmentscientist. This test method, which incorporates improvements over Test Method E662, also will increase the usefulness of smokeobscuration
41、measurements to the specifier and to product manufacturers.5.4.1 The following are improvements offered by this test method over Test Method E662: the horizontal specimen orientationsolves the problem of melting and flaming drips from vertically oriented specimens; the conical heat source provides a
42、 moreuniform heat input; the heat input can be varied over a range of up to 50 kW/m2, rather than having a fixed value of 25 kW/m2;and, the (optional) load cell permits calculations to be made of mass optical density, which associates the smoke obscurationfire-test-response characteristic measured w
43、ith the mass loss.5.5 Limitations7:5.5.1 The following behavior during a test renders that test invalid: a specimen being displaced from the zone of controlledirradiance so as to touch the pilot burner or the pilot flame; extinction of the pilot flame (even for a short period of time) in theflaming
44、mode; molten material overflowing the specimen holder; or, self-ignition in the nonflaming mode.5.5.2 As is usual in small-scale test methods, results obtained from this test method have proven to be affected by variationsin specimen geometry, surface orientation, thickness (either overall or indivi
45、dual layer), mass, and composition.7 Some of these limitations are common to many small scale fire-test-response methods.E1995 1835.5.3 The results of the test apply only to the thickness of the specimen as tested. No simple mathematical formula exists tocalculate the specific optical density of a s
46、pecimen at a specimen thickness different from the thickness at which it was tested. Theliterature contains some information on a relationship between optical density and specimen thickness 1.85.5.4 Results obtained from this test method are affected by variations in the position of the specimen and
47、 radiometer relativeto the radiant heat source, since the relative positioning affects the radiant heat flux (see also Appendix X2).5.5.5 The test results have proven sensitive to excessive accumulations of residue in the chamber, which serve as additionalinsulators, tending to reduce normally expec
48、ted condensation of the aerosol, thereby raising the measured specific optical density(see 5.5.8.3 and 11.1.2).5.5.6 The measurements obtained have also proven sensitive to differences in conditioning (see Section 10). Many materials,products, or assemblies, such as some carpeting, wood, plastics, o
49、r textiles, require long periods to attain equilibrium (constantweight) even in a forced-draft conditioning chamber. This sensitivity reflects the inherent natural variability of the sample and isnot specific to the test method.5.5.7 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not necessarily possible by or from this test method to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured; th
