1、 IEEE Guide for Determination ofHottest-Spot Temperature in Dry-Type Transformers Sponsored by the Transformers Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA IEEE Power and Energy Society IEEE Std C57.134-2013(Revision ofIEEE Std C57.134-2000) IEEE Std C57.134-2013 (Revision of IEEE Std C
2、57.134-2000) IEEE Guide for Determination of Hottest-Spot Temperature in Dry-Type Transformers Sponsor Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society Approved 11 December 2013 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Methodologies for determination of the steady-state winding hottest-spot temp
3、erature in dry-type distribution and power transformers with ventilated, sealed, solid cast, and encapsulated windings built in accordance with IEEE Std C57.12.01 and IEC 60726 are described in this guide. Converter transformers are not included in this guide. Keywords: ambient temperature, average
4、winding temperature rise, dry-type transformer, IEEE C57.134, production transformer, prototype transformer, temperature measurement, temperature sensors, transformer model, winding hottest-spot temperature The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016
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34、Copyright 2014 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Participants At the time this IEEE guide was completed, the Dry-Type Transformer Hottest-Spot Temperature Working Group had the following membership: Paulette Payne Powell, Chair Timothy Holdway Charles Johnson, Jr. Richard Marek The following members of
35、the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Samuel Aguirre I. Antweiler Javier Arteaga Robert Ballard Peter Balma Barry Beaster Steven Bezner Wallace Binder Thomas Bishop Thomas Blackburn Carl Bush Thomas Callsen Paul Car
36、dinal Gary Donner Randall Dotson Jorge Fernandez Daher Joseph Foldi Marcel Fortin Derek Foster Frank Gerleve Jalal Gohari Randall Groves Ajit Gwal David Harris Roger Hayes Gary Heuston Gary Hoffman Timothy Holdway Philip Hopkinson Charles Johnson, Jr. Lars Juhlin Laszlo Kadar John Kay Sheldon Kenned
37、y Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu John Lackey Chung-Yiu Lam Aleksandr Levin Richard Marek William McBride Daniel Mulkey Jerry Murphy Ryan Musgrove K. R. M. Nair Michael Newman Raymond Nicholas Lorraine Padden Klaus Papp Bansi Patel Dhiru Patel Wesley Patterson Paulette Payne Powell B
38、rian Penny Alvaro Portillo Lewis Powell Iulian Profir Johannes Rickmann Pierre Riffon Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Oleg Roizman John Rossetti Marnie Roussell Thomas Rozek Bartien Sayogo James Smith Jerry Smith David Stankes Gary Stoedter Robert Thompson John Vergis Tony Weekes Matthew Wilkowski Ji
39、an Yu Waldemar Ziomek When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 11 December 2013, it had the following membership: John Kulick, Chair David J. Law, Vice Chair Richard H. Hulett, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma Farooq Bari Ted Burse Wael Will
40、iam Diab Stephen Dukes Jean-Philippe Faure Alexander Gelman Mark Halpin Gary Hoffman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Michael Janezic Joseph L. Koepfinger* Oleg Logvinov Ron Petersen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Adrian Stephens Peter Sutherland Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan *Member Emeritus Copyright 2
41、014 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Julie Alessi IEEE-SA Content Publishing Erin Spiewak IEEE-SA Technical Community Programs Copyright 2014 IEEE. All
42、rights reserved. viii Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.134-2013, IEEE Guide for Determination of Hottest-Spot Temperature in Dry-Type Transformers. The hottest-spot allowance is a number used in industry standards to establish the average temperature rise for rating purpose
43、s. The rated ambient temperature and hottest-spot allowance are subtracted from the rated insulation temperature class to determine the average temperature rise to be confirmed by thermal testing. IEEE Std 1 states that the value of the hottest-spot allowance is arbitrary, difficult to determine, an
44、d depends on many factors, such as size and design of the equipment. Based on the 1944 experimental works of Stewart and Whitman, and Satterlee, standards used a hottest-spot allowance of 30 C for 80 C average temperature rise. The 30 C hottest-spot temperature allowance established in 1944 for 80 C
45、 average temperature rise was approximately correct for ventilated dry-type transformers produced at that time. The 220 C insulation temperature class, 150 C average temperature rise, was initially used in sealed units. For these units, the 30 C hottest-spot temperature allowance was probably correc
46、t due to operation in the hotter inside gas. The 1959 Loading Guide, ANSI Appendix C57.96, used rated load limiting hottest-spot temperatures to 150 C for ventilated units and 220 C for sealed units. In 1965, NEMA Standard TR 27 extended the 220 C insulation temperature class to ventilated units. In
47、 1979, IEEE Std C57.12.01 also adopted the 220 C insulation temperature class for ventilated units. In both these documents, the 30 C hottest-spot allowance for the 220 C insulation temperature class was retained. In 1989, IEEE Std C57.12.01 and the Loading Guide IEEE Std C57.96 used a constant 30 C
48、 hottest-spot allowance for all insulation temperature classes and all size transformers. By comparison, IEC 60726 (1982-01) used a variable hottest-spot allowance ranging from 5 C to 30 C. The winding hottest-spot temperature rise and average winding temperature rise are related by a ratio that is
49、dependent upon such factors as the following: a) Turn insulation b) Winding height c) Radial build d) Ventilating ducts From this relation, it is apparent that no single winding hottest-spot temperature allowance is applicable to all types and ratings of transformers due to the variability of factors affecting the winding hottest-spot temperature. Laboratory test results reported by Pierce in 1993 validate this finding. As a step to establishing appropriate temperature limits, the Dry-Type Hot-Spot Methodology Working Group members were encouraged to r
