1、 IEEE Guide for the Application and Interpretation of Frequency Response Analysis for Oil-Immersed Transformers Sponsored by the Transformers Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 8 March 2013 IEEE Power and Energy Society IEEE Std C57.149-2012 IEEE Std C57.149-2012 IEEE Guide for
2、 the Application and Interpretation of Frequency Response Analysis for Oil-Immersed Transformers Sponsor Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society Approved 5 December 2012 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: The measurement of Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) of oil-immersed power t
3、ransformers is applicable in this guide. It is intended to provide the user with the requirements and specifications for instrumentation, procedures for performing the tests, techniques for analyzing the data, and recommendations for long-term storage of the data and results. Keywords: admittance, a
4、ttenuation, Bode Plot, deviation, frequency domain, Frequency Response Analysis (FRA), IEEE C57.149, impedance, magnitude, phase angle, resonance, RLC network, transfer function The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2013 by
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18、alidity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. viParticipants At the time this IEEE guide was completed, the Transforme
19、r Frequency Response Working Group had the following membership: Charles Sweetser, Chair Peter M. Balma, Technical Editor Greg Anderson Jeffrey Britton Kent Brown Donald Chu Larry Coffeen John Crouse Alan Darwin Bob Degeneff Fred Elliot Don Fallon George Frimpong Ramsis S. Girgis David Goodwin Ernst
20、 Hanique Matt Kennedy Alexander Kraetge Mario Locarno James McBride Tony McGrail Peter J. McKemmy Dennis Marlow Paulette Payne Mark Perkins Bertrand Poulin Kurt Robbins H. Jin Sim Roger Verdolin David Vinson May Wang Barry Ward Joe Watson Peter WereliusThe following members of the individual balloti
21、ng committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Michael Adams Satish Aggarwal Stephen Antosz Peter M. Balma Martin Baur Robert Beavers William J. Bergman Wallace Binder Thomas Bishop Thomas Blackburn William Bloethe W. Boettger Jeffrey Britton Chr
22、is Brooks Kent Brown Preston Cooper John Crouse Jorge Fernandez Daher Alan Darwin Gary Donner Randall Dotson Fred Elliott Gary Engmann C. Erven James Fairris Rabiz Foda Joseph Foldi Marcel Fortin Saurabh Ghosh Jalal Gohari James Graham William Griesacker Randall Groves Bal Gupta John Harley David Ha
23、rris Timothy Hayden Roger Hayes Jeffrey Helzer William Henning Gary Heuston Scott Hietpas Gary Hoffman Philip Hopkinson R. Jackson Laszlo Kadar Innocent Kamwa Gael Kennedy Sheldon Kennedy James Kinney Joseph L. Koepfinger Neil Kranich Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu John Lackey Chung-Yiu Lam Stephen Lamb
24、ert Benjamin Lanz Thomas La Rose Mario Locarno Greg Luri Omar Mazzoni William McBride Nigel Mcquin Joseph Melanson Gary Michel Michael Miller Daniel Mulkey Jerry Murphy Ryan Musgrove K. R. M. Nair Arun Narang Dennis Neitzel Michael S. Newman Joe Nims Lorraine Padden Mirko Palazzo Bansi Patel Shawn P
25、atterson Brian Penny Christopher Petrola Paul Pillitteri Donald Platts Alvaro Portillo Bertrand Poulin Lewis Powell Tom Prevost Iulian Profir Johannes Rickmann John Roach Michael Roberts Robert Robinson Oleg Roizman Marnie Roussell Thomas Rozek Dinesh Sankarakurup Daniel Sauer Bartien Sayogo Devki S
26、harma Gil Shultz H. Jin Sim James Smith Jerry Smith Brian Sparling Gary Stoedter Charles Sweetser Malcolm Thaden Eric Udren Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii John Vergis Loren Wagenaar David Wallach Barry Ward Joe Watson Peter Werelius Kenneth White Matthew Wilkowski John Wilson Wael You
27、ssef Jian Yu James Ziebarth When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 5 December 2012, it had the following membership: Richard H. Hulett, Chair John Kulick, Vice Chair Robert M. Grow, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Satish Aggarwal Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma William
28、Bartley Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Wael William Diab Jean-Phillippe Faure Alexander Gelman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Thomas Lee Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Mike Seavey Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan *Mem
29、ber Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Michelle D. Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Erin Spiewak IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program De
30、velopment Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. viii Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.149-2012, IEEE Guide for the Application and Interpretation of Frequency Response Analysis for Oil-Immersed Transformers. Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) testing has gained popularit
31、y for assessing the mechanical integrity of oil immersed transformers. Due to limited understanding and available information regarding FRA requirements and specifications for instrumentation, procedures for performing the tests, and analysis of results, the Performance Characteristics Subcommittee
32、formed the Working Group PC57.149. The primary objective of the Working Group PC57.149 was to compile and validate FRA experiences and techniques to develop a FRA application and interpretation guide that would benefit the industry. Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. ix Contents 1. Overview 1
33、 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Definitions 2 3. FRA measurement overview 4 3.1 Use of FRA 4 3.2 FRA base line measurement 5 3.3 FRA diagnostic application . 5 3.4 Recommended FRA measurement test parameters . 6 4. Making an FRA measurement 6 4.1 Test procedures 6 4.2 Test environment preparation 6
34、4.3 Test object preparation 7 4.4 Test set . 7 4.5 Test leads . 8 4.6 Measurement types 9 4.7 Load Tap Changer (LTC) and De-Energized Tap Changer (DETC) positions . 9 4.8 Test connections .10 5. Test Documentation .17 5.1 Introduction 17 5.2 Test records 17 6. Measurement analysis and interpretation
35、 20 6.1 Introduction 20 6.2 Trace characteristics .20 6.3 Trace comparison .21 6.4 FRA relationship to other transformer diagnostics .24 6.5 Failure modes .25 6.6 Modeling .51 Annex A (informative) FRA theory 53 Annex B (informative) Bibliography.60 Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 IEEE G
36、uide for the Application and Interpretation of Frequency Response Analysis for Oil-Immersed Transformers IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, health, or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks. Implement
37、ers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with all appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices and all applicable laws and regulations. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and leg
38、al disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.o
39、rg/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide is applicable to the measurement of Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) of an oil-immersed power transformer. The guide will include the requirements and specifications for instrumentation, procedures for performing the tests, techniques for an
40、alyzing the data, and recommendations for long-term storage of the data and results. This guide can be used in both field and factory applications. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this guide is to provide the user with information that will assist in making frequency response measurements and interpretin
41、g the results from these measurements. It will provide guidance for all current methods employed in taking these measurements. IEEE Std C57.149-2012 IEEE Guide for the Application and Interpretation of Frequency Response Analysis for Oil-Immersed Transformers Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved
42、. 2 2. Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 1Baseline measurement: Provide a set of Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) waveforms for future comparative p
43、urposes for investigative or diagnostic analysis. Capacitive inter-winding measurement: Performed over a wide range of frequencies between two electrically isolated windings. Voltage is injected into one end of a winding, the input, and the response, the output, is measured at another winding, with
44、all other terminals floating. CL: Is defined as the low-voltage winding-to-ground insulation and includes the low-voltage terminals. It is commonly used in the description of transformer insulation designations. Frequency Response Analysis (FRA): A sensitive diagnostic technique for detecting change
45、s in the electrical characteristics of power transformer windings. Such changes can result from various types of electrical or mechanical stresses (shipping damage, seismic forces, loss of clamping pressure, short circuit forces, insulation failure, etc.). The test is non-destructive and non-intrusi
46、ve and can be used either as a stand-alone tool to detect winding damage, or as a diagnostic tool to pinpoint damages detected in other tests (e.g., insulation power factor, dissolved gas analysis, or short circuit impedance tests). FRA consists of measuring the admittance or impedance of the capaci
47、tive and inductive elements comprising the transformer windings. The measurement is performed over a wide range of frequencies and the results are compared with a reference “signature” or “fingerprint” of the winding to make a diagnosis. Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) magnitude: The FRA magnitude
48、 is the signal amplitude relationship between the reference (input, Vin) and measured (output, Vout) signals. It is often represented as decibels: MAG(dB) = 20*log10(Vout/Vin), and contains the effect of the characteristic impedance of the measurement system. Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) phase
49、angle: The phase angle shift of the response relative to that of the injected signal. Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) resonance frequency: The term FRA resonance frequency is generally used to describe FRA Magnitude maxima or minima appearing in the frequency response function of a transformer, accompanied by a zero value appearing in the phase angle of the frequency response function. In practice, a power transformer is represented by a complex, distributed RLC circuit, which may include several FRA Resonance Frequencies over a given frequency range. FRA Magnitud
