1、ANSI C63.5-2006(Revision of ANSI C63.5-2003)American National StandardElectromagnetic CompatibilityRadiatedEmission Measurements in ElectromagneticInterference (EMI) ControlCalibration ofAntennas (9 kHz to 40 GHz)I E E E3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA21 April 2006Accredited by the America
2、n National Standards InstituteSponsored by theAccredited Standards Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility, C63ANSI C63.5-2006(Revision ofANSI C63.5-2003)American National Standard Electromagnetic CompatibilityRadiated Emission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ControlCalibration
3、 of Antennas (9 kHz to 40 GHz)SponsorAccredited Standards Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility, C63accredited by the American National Standards InstituteSecretariatInstitute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.Approved 17 February 2006American National Standards InstituteThe Institute
4、 of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 21 April 2006. Printed in the United States of America.IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Paten
5、t +1-978-750-8400. Permission tophotocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained throughthe Copyright Clearance Center.ivCopyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.IntroductionThis introduction is not part of ANSI C63.5-2006, American National Standard f
6、or Electromagnetic Compati-bilityRadiated Emission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ControlCalibration ofAntennas (9 kHz to 40 GHz).ANSI C63.4-2003, American National Standard for Methods of Measurement of Radio-Noise Emissionsfrom Low-Voltage Electrical and Electronics Equipment i
7、n the Range of 9 kHz to 40 GHz, has undergoneseveral revisions since the original document covering methods of measurement was produced in 1940.Although many improvements were made in the standard from time to time, the reproducibility ofmeasurements of radiated interference from one test site to an
8、other has not been completely satisfactory.In 1982 a concerted effort was organized in Subcommittee One of the Accredited Standards Committee C63to determine how the technique could be improved. Evidence showed that the variability was due, in part, toinadequate (a) control of site ground plane cond
9、uctivity, flatness, site enclosures, effects of surroundingobjects, and certain other site construction features, (b) accounting for antenna factors, associated cabling,and balun and device under test characteristics, and (c) consideration of mutual coupling effects between thedevice under test and
10、the receiving antenna and their images in the ground plane. Accordingly, ANSI C63.4has been revised, and ANSI standards C63.5, C63.6, and C63.7 were prepared to provide additionalinformation. This standard provides methods of calibration of antennas for use on the test site.In 1993 a concerted effor
11、t was begun to bring the Standard Site Method of ANSI C63.5 into CISPR as themethod of antenna calibration to be used in CISPR Publication 16. During the ensuing discussions, itbecame apparent that several features of ANSI C63.5 were not acceptable to the international community. Inparticular, calib
12、ration measurements at 3 m were unacceptable. Furthermore, while ANSI C63.5recommends that only horizontal polarization be used for antenna calibration, it included information oncalibration using vertical polarization. This was considered ambiguous and unacceptable by CISPRSubcommittee A. During th
13、e use of ANSI C63.5 over the last several years a number of errors werediscovered and these needed to be corrected. ANSI standards C63.2 and C63.4 specify antennas from 9 kHzto 30 MHz and from 1000 MHz to 40 GHz for which no calibration procedure was available in ANSI C63.5.Accordingly, ANSI C63.5 h
14、as been revised to eliminate those features that the international communityfound objectionable, and thus provides harmonization with international standards while allowing a USNational deviation from those standards. This revision corrects errors which use of the standard has shown,and extends it t
15、o cover all of the antennas specified in ANSI standards C63.2 and C63.4 from 9 kHz to40 GHz.In 1999 a collaborative effort was organized in Subcommittee One of the Accredited Standards CommitteeC63 to determine how the technique could be improved. Evidence showed that significant errors areintroduce
16、d into the NSA results when non-free space antenna factors of biconical dipole antennas are usedfor NSA testing. These errors are due, in part, to mutual coupling effects between the antennas and betweenthe receiving antenna and the image of the transmitting antenna in the ground plane. Corrections
17、for thisoccurrence are submitted for use with biconical dipoles. An alternate measurement technique is alsoprovided for other types of antennas. Minor editorial corrections have been made to this document.In 2005, the C63 committee received a request for an interpretation of subclause 5.1 and an app
18、arent conflictwith the associated flowchart in Annex G (Figure G.2). The issue revolved around the apparent confusion ofthe process for antenna factor calibration for product testing versus the calibration process when makingtest-site attenuation measurements and how it was shown in Figure G.2. The
19、clarification and correctapplication of the calibration is contained in the revised 5.1 and the revised Figure G.2.vCopyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.Notice to usersErrataErrata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ie
20、ee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL forerrata periodically.InterpretationsCurrent interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/index.html.PatentsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this s
21、tandard may require use of subject mattercovered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifyingpatents or patent applications for which a
22、license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or forconducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention.viCopyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.ParticipantsAt the time that the Accredited Standards Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibi
23、lity, C63, approved thisstandard, it had the following membership:Ralph M. Showers, ChairDonald N. Heirman, Vice-ChairRobert L. Pritchard, SecretaryOrganization Represented RepresentativeAlliance for Telecom Ind. Solutions (ATIS) C. Chrysanthou J. TurnerACIL M. VioletteW. StumpfAmer. Radio Relay Lea
24、gue (ARRL) D. BodsonE. HareCurtis-Straus LLC J. CurtisJ. StewartDell, Inc. E. BronaughR. B. WallenETS - Lindgren M. FoegelleZ. ChenFederal Commun. Commission (FCC) W. HurstA. WallFood and Drug Administration J. CasamentoJ. L. SilbergergHewlett-Packard K. HallInfo. Tech. Industry Council - ITIC J. Hi
25、rvelaJ. RosenbergIEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) D. HeirmanInst. Elect. and Electronics Engrs. EMCS S. BergerD. SweeneyLucent Technologies D. MoogilanNational Institute of Standards however, copies can be obtained from Global Engineering, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewo
26、od, CO 80112-5704, USA, tel. (303) 792-2181 (http:/ 8The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex J. ANSI C63.5-2006 RADIATED EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN EMI CONTROLCALIBRATION OF ANTENNAS (9kHz TO 40 GHz) 3 Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. This value will represent
27、 the free-space antenna factor within an error smaller than the measurement uncertainty. This error is negligible when these antenna factors are used for product emission measurements. 3.6 ground plane: A conducting surface or plate used as a common reference point for circuit returns and electric o
28、r signal potentials. 3.7 ideal site: A test site on which the reflective surface is flat, level and has infinite conductivity and size. 3.8 measurement geometry: A specified polarization, separation distance, transmitting height, and receiving height(s) for a pair of antennas during their antenna fa
29、ctor measurement. 3.9 normalized site attenuation (NSA): Site attenuation divided by the free-space antenna factors of the transmitting and receiving antennas (all in linear units). Results can be stated in decibel units. 3.10 radiated emissions test site: A site with specified requirements suitable
30、 for measuring radio interference fields radiated by a device, equipment, or system under test. 3.11 site attenuation: The minimum relative insertion loss measured between two polarization-matched antennas located on a test site when one antenna is moved vertically over a specified height range. 3.1
31、2 standard antenna calibration site: A site comprised of a flat, open-area, devoid of nearby scatterers such as trees, power lines, and fences, that has a large metallic ground plane (see ANSI C63.7-2005). 4. General test conditions 4.1 Introduction This standard provides a means of measuring antenn
32、a factors for most types of antennas used in emissions testing. These antenna factors can be used for either vertically or horizontally polarized measurement at distances from the equipment under test of 3 m or more. Table 1 provides an index of antenna type to measurement method. Free space antenna
33、 factors can be developed for biconical dipole antennas using Clause 5 and Annex G (see Table 1). Using the methods in Clause 5 and Annex G will provide more accurate results for biconical dipole antennas than the use of Clause 5 alone. See Annex F for additional information on the rationale of GSCF
34、 for biconical dipole antennas. Near free space antenna factors can be developed for broadband antennas using the methods specified in Table 1. Annex H provides a measurement procedure to determine GSCF for broadband antennas. Annex H also provides the requirements for a reference site used to measu
35、re GSCFs for complex antennas or other broadband antennas where the GSCFs in Annex G cannot be applied. The general test conditions for antenna calibration are described in 4.1 through 4.4. This standard also provides additional guidance on the estimation of measurement uncertainties in antenna cali
36、brations. ANSI C63.5-2006 RADIATED EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN EMI CONTROLCALIBRATION OF ANTENNAS (9kHz TO 40 GHz) 4 Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. Table 1Calibration methods for antennas Antennas for Product Test Antennas for Normalized Site Attenuation Antenna Type Clause 5 Clause 5 + Anne
37、x G Clause 6 Clause 7 Clause 5 Clause 5 + Annex G Clause 6 Annex H Monopole X Tunable Dipole X X X X Biconical Dipole X X X X Log Periodic Array X X X X X Broadband Hybrid X X X Horn X X Other X 4.2 Calibration measurement geometry Accurate antenna calibrations require restrictions on measurement ge
38、ometry. The antenna separation distance R shall be large enough to ensure that near-field effects and antenna-to-antenna mutual coupling effects are minimized. Antenna heights (h1, h2) shall be great enough to minimize antenna-to-ground plane mutual impedance. The separation distance, R, between ant
39、ennas shall be measured between points projected vertically from the antenna to the ground plane. This is equivalent to the horizontal distance between antennas when the antennas are at the same height. For dipole and biconical dipole antennas, the separation distance shall be measured from the midp
40、oint of the dipole elements. The separation distance between log-periodic array antennas shall be measured from the midpoint of the elements along the longitudinal axis of each antenna. For horn antennas, the separation distance shall be measured from the front face of the antennas. 4.3 Test site an
41、d instrumentation The test site used for antenna calibrations shall be within 2dB of an ideal site when tested for site attenuation in accordance with ANSI C63.4-2003. The normalized site attenuation test shall be evaluated over a volume (e.g., as an alternate test site) for the measurement distance
42、s the site will use to calibrate antennas. Measurement instrumentation should be located beneath the ground plane or at least 20 m from the edge of the ground plane to reduce site and system contributions to uncertainty (see Annex I). All test instrumentation including signal generators, radio noise
43、 meters, spectrum analyzers, tuned voltmeters, receivers, etc. shall have a nominal 50- impedance. Refer to ANSI C63.2-1996 or CISPR 16-1-1 and CISPR 16-1-4 for radio noise meter specifications. An impedance mismatch at the output of signal sources or at the input of receivers, and at antennas may r
44、esult in reflections that could cause antenna factor measurement errors. These errors can be minimized by the use of high-quality attenuators to provide a matched termination to the cable, which will reduce reflections due to mismatch. Attenuators should be used anytime the voltage standing wave rat
45、io (VSWR) ANSI C63.5-2006 RADIATED EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN EMI CONTROLCALIBRATION OF ANTENNAS (9kHz TO 40 GHz) 5 Copyright 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. of the antenna exceeds 2:1.9At least one attenuator should be provided at the antenna end of the transmitting cable and one at the measuring ins
46、trument or pre-amplifier input. Additional attenuators at the receiving antenna and the signal source or amplifier may improve the measurement uncertainty (see Annex I for the formula to compute this error term). The signal sources should provide sufficient power to produce a signal at the receiver
47、input of at least 16 dB above the equivalent receiver noise at the receiver input. A signal plus noise-to-noise ratio of 16 dB reduces this error term to 0.11 dB, significantly below the expected measurement uncertainty. This 0.11 dB must then be subtracted from the measured value. Power amplifiers
48、may be used at the signal source output to raise the signal above both the ambient and receiver noise. See Annex I for further information on this minimum signal plus noise-to-noise ratio. Preamplifiers may be used at the receiver input to raise both the signal and ambient above the receiver noise a
49、nd meet this requirement. The source power amplifier and/or preamplifier gain requirements will depend upon receiver and/or preamplifier sensitivity, antenna factors, cable losses, ambient signal level and measurement distance. Care shall be taken to avoid overloading pre-amplifiers or receivers with signals that are close to or higher than their maximum allowed input. Filters may be used to prevent out-of-band signals from saturating a preamplifier or receiver. Lossy ferrite material shall be applied to at least the first meter of both
