1、 ISO 2013Timber Round and sawn timber VocabularyBois Bois ronds et bois scis Vocabulaire INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO24294First editionPremire dition 2013-09-01Reference numberNumro de rfrence ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)ii ISO 2013 All rights reserved/Tous droits rse
2、rvs/ COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENTDOCUMENT PROTG PAR COPYRIGHT ISO 2013The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals, in-struction booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purpose
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9、lished in Switzerland/Publi en Suisse/Oeaao eaISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)Contents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope .12 Normative references 13 General - Round timber and sawn timber 14 General - Round timber .25 General - Sawn timber 56 Moisture content .117 Measurements of round timber .158 Dimension
10、s of sawn timber .179 Anatomical structure of timber .1910 Features of round timber 2211 Features of sawn timber 2812 Discolouration and fungal attack .3513 Degrade by insects or other wood borers .40Annex A (informative) Alphabetical index 42Bibliography .70 ISO 2013 All rights reserved/Tous droits
11、 rservs/ iiiISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body inter
12、ested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
13、 Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the tech
14、nical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO s
15、hall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 24294 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 218, Timber.This edition cancels and replaces ISO 4473:1988, ISO 4474:1989, ISO 4476:1983 and ISO 8966:1987.iv ISO 2013 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs/ ISO 24294:20
16、13(E/F/R)IntroductionWood is a naturally occurring resource and is the only major construction material that is renewable. Because it is renewable, the use of wood and the many different timber products made from wood, contributes to overall sustainable development. Wood is used in the manufacture o
17、f various timber products and many of these timber products are intended specifically for use both as structural and non-structural elements in the construction of timber-framed or platform-frame buildings.NOTE 1 In North America, timber-framed buildings in which timber is the main structural materi
18、al are commonly referred to as post and beam construction, while other timber-framed buildings constructed of wood that rely wholly or mainly on load-bearing walls that have studs supported by the floor(s) are typically referred to as wood frame construction or platform frame construction.Similar to
19、 most other building materials, wood has unique properties. In wood, these various properties are affected by species, natural growth characteristics and moisture content and with its unique cell structure; wood has different strength properties in different grain directions.There is a need to be ab
20、le to conceptualize and communicate on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the many different hardwood and softwood round, sawn and processed timbers in a manner that is consistent and recognized globally.This International Standard has been prepared by the various groups involved in the
21、timber industry, such as manufacturers, builders, wholesalers and importers, as well as research organizations, academia, national regulatory bodies, standards developers and professional design organizations.Understanding the nature of the various physical characteristics and features of round and
22、sawn timber will enable effective communication related to sawn and processed timber in a manner that is consistently understood by and equitable to all active and potential traders/users. Its use in other standards will also aid harmonization and provide a basis for specialist terminology.NOTE 2 Ge
23、neral and specific concepts regarding wood and timber that are used in communication and discussions related to building and civil engineering works have been defined in ISO 6707-1:2004.The terms are presented in the three official ISO languages (English, French and Russian) using a systematic struc
24、ture to allow ready comparison of related concepts and to reflect the underlying concept system. Where a given term is used to represent different concepts, creating homonymy between them, each concept is treated in separate terminological entries, with a notational cross-reference to the other entr
25、y included in both. ISO 2013 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs/ vTimber Round and sawn timber Vocabulary1 ScopeThis International Standard contains the terms and definitions of concepts to establish a multilingual vocabulary of terminology to be applied in forest and wood working spheres, with
26、the scope of identification of a tree and of its parts in round and sawn aspects; its measurements; grading; condition; features; sizes; and the natural, biological and infestational defects of wood.2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references for this standard.3 General - Round timber an
27、d sawn timber3.1woodlignocellulosic substance between the pith (9.14) and bark (9.5) of a tree or a shrubNote 1 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.Note 2 to entry: Internationally, the terms wood and timber (3.2), in English and French, are often used interchangeably to represen
28、t the basic material (substance) used to form wood products.3.2timberwood (3.1) in the form of standing or felled trees, or a wood product of these after conversionNote 1 to entry: In the case of converted material, the term “timber” is not used to refer to certain wood products, such as wood-based
29、panels, wood pulp, chips (4.19) or sawdust (4.20).Note 2 to entry: In North America, in English, there is a homograph for the term “timber”. See 5.6. Where the term timber is used in North America to refer to a specific end-use product, it generally refers to sawn lumber (see 5.1) that is 114 mm (no
30、minal 5 in) or greater in thickness.Note 3 to entry: In the Russian language, the term “timber” does not refer to standing trees or felled trees.3.3speciesdistinct sort or kind of tree having some characteristics or qualities in common that distinguishes it from othersEXAMPLE Douglas fir (Pseudotsug
31、a menziessi), Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), White spruce (Picea glauca), Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), Silver fir (Abies alba).Note 1 to entry: A species of wood(3.1) is usually referred to by a common name, but typically identified by a botanical name that is often based on a Linnaean binomi
32、al of its genus and species.3.3.1species groupspecies combination, en CA USspecies group, en CA USgroup of several species (3.3) of wood (3.1) that are grown, harvested, manufactured and marketed together, and have similar performance propertiesINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R) ISO 2013 A
33、ll rights reserved/Tous droits rservs/ 1ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)3.4hardwoodwood (3.1) of trees of the botanical group Dicotyledonae3.5softwoodwood (3.1) of trees of the botanical group Gymnosperms3.6featurephysical, morphological or growth characteristic of timber (3.2) that could affect its use3.6.1de
34、fectfeature (3.6) that results in lower quality of timber (3.2) which causes restrictions in use3.7gradingseparation of timber (3.2) by end-use, species (3.3), quality, sizes or some combination thereofNote 1 to entry: In English, there is a homograph for the term “grading”. See 4.28.3.8batchlotspec
35、ified quantity or number of items of a specified productNote 1 to entry: The content of each batch shall be specified.4 General - Round timber4.1crownupper portion of a tree, with branches and twigs, possibly including part of the stem (4.3)4.2spring of the crownzone of the stem (4.3) from where the
36、 lowest branches of the crown (4.1) grow out4.3stemportion of a tree above ground, excluding branchesNote 1 to entry: The term “stem” is sometimes used to refer to trees, i.e., stems per unit area.Note 2 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.4.4trunkportion of a stem (4.3) used fo
37、r valuing of a standing treeNote 1 to entry: Usually specified by stating the minimum top diameter (7.1.3).Note 2 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.4.5butt swellingthickened base part of the stem (4.3)2 ISO 2013 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs/ ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)4.6b
38、uttressprojecting rib at the lower end of the stem (4.3)4.7stumpportion of the tree that remains above and below ground after felling (4.27)4.8branch whorlzone of the stem (4.3) where several branches or knots (10.1) occur at approximately the same height4.9desapped round timberround timber (4.11) t
39、hat has had all sapwood (9.1) thoroughly removedNote 1 to entry: The sapwood is removed generally to prevent biodeterioration (12.2).4.10pruned timberstanding timber (3.2) that, as a young tree, had its lower branches removed by pruning4.11round timberfelled tree crosscut at the top, with all branch
40、es removed, that may or may not have been further crosscutNote 1 to entry: Generally excluding firewood.4.11.1long poleround timber (4.11) that has not been further crosscutNote 1 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.4.11.2logcrosscut portion of round timber (4.11) or long pole (
41、4.11.1)4.11.3butt loglog (4.11.2) produced from the larger end of a longpole (4.11.1)4.11.4second loglog (4.11.2) produced from the portion of a long pole (4.11.1) between the butt log (4.11.3) and the top end log (4.11.5)4.11.5top end loglog (4.11.2) produced from the smaller end of a long pole (4.
42、11.1) or felled trunk (4.29)4.12stopportion of a stem (4.3) where there is a marked reduction in diameter (7.1)Note 1 to entry: For example, at a thick branch.4.13crosscut pointplace on a long pole (4.11.1) or a log (4.11.2) where it will be crosscut ISO 2013 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs/
43、3ISO 24294:2013(E/F/R)4.13.1theoretical crosscut pointpoint at which a long pole (4.11.1) or a trunk (4.4) is visually assessed for cross-cutting for the purpose of grading (3.7)(4.28)4.14debarkingremoving bark (9.5) from trees or round timber (4.11)4.14.1ring barkingremoving a narrow strip of bark
44、(9.5) around the circumference of a stem (4.3)4.14.2rough debarkingpartial removing of bark (9.5)4.14.3bundle debarkingsimultaneous debarking (4.14) of a group of long poles (4.11.1) or logs (4.11.2)4.14.4piece-by-piece debarkingdebarking (4.14) of individual round timbers (4.11)4.14.5patch debarkin
45、grough debarking (4.14.2) with removing of bark (9.5) by spots4.14.6clean debarkingcomplete removal of bark (9.5), remnants of branches and branchwood4.15sawloglog (4.11.2) for conversion into sawn timber (5.1)4.16veneer loglog (4.11.2) for conversion into veneer4.17pulpwoodlog(s) (4.11.2) for breaking down mechanically or chemically for the production of pulp or solid wood panels4.18pit propslog(s) (4.11.2) use
