1、 Reference number ISO/TR 12942:2012(E) ISO 2012TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12942 First edition 2012-09-01 Compressors Classification Complementary information to ISO 5390 Compresseurs Classification Information complmentaire lISO 5390 ISO/TR 12942:2012(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights
2、 reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the r
3、equester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedISO/TR 12942:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v
4、1 Scope1 2 Design classes.1 2.1 General .1 2.2 Classification by equipment type 3 2.3 Classification of compressor apparatuses by operation principles3 2.4 Classification of compressor machines by operation principles 5 2.5 Design classes of compressor machines.6 3 Functional classes of the compress
5、or equipment, terms and definitions22 3.1 General .22 3.2 Basic functional classes of compressor machines.23 3.3 Formation principles of derivative functional classes for compressor machines.27 3.4 Functional classes of compressor apparatuses32 4 Design classes of the aggregated compressor equipment
6、, terms and definitions34 4.1 General .34 4.2 Design classes of geared mechanical compressors.39 4.3 Design classes of driver-compressors .40 4.4 Design classes of geared driver-compressors 46 4.5 Design and service-duty classes of compressor plants .48 4.6 Design classes of packaged compressor plan
7、ts .51 Annex A (informative) Design, functional and service-duty classification.54 Bibliography59 ISO/TR 12942:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work
8、 of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmen
9、tal, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The ma
10、in task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In
11、 exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Te
12、chnical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held res
13、ponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 12942 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 118, Compressors and pneumatic tools, machines and equipment, Subcommittee SC 6, Air compressors and compressed air systems. ISO/TR 12942:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved vIntroduction
14、 Classification and terminology standards are fundamental to the identification of a product for using in industrial and trade communications, education, information search, data processing, research, development, inventing, patenting, etc. It is intended that these standards be based on the latest
15、technical achievements and classification theories, cover all viable modern equipment design types, exclude ambiguity, be adapted to easy translations into different languages by exact terms, and be flexible and open to new innovations. This Technical Report is intended to contribute essentially to
16、obtaining these aims for a possible subsequent revision of ISO 5390. The main modern problems in compressor classification and terminology are associated with rapid development and implementation of new design types. In addition, many manufacturers include in a single non-separable compressor packag
17、e, not only an aftercooler, but also a receiver, dryer, etc In these conditions, it is important to establish and maintain unified patterns and principles for forming new derivative and composed terms by using a few basic original terms as well as using, as far as possible, established professional
18、terms which have emerged spontaneously. The problems related to the classification of compressor equipment are complicated by the wide spectrum and diversity of application fields, resulting in a great number of applicability and performance criteria, such as: compression principles; basic design fe
19、atures; energy forms used (electricity, fuel heat, etc.) and driver types; cooling agents (air, water, etc.) and methods; lubrication conditions (oil-free or contaminated with oil); mobility, transportability; prefabrication level (packaged and factory-assembled compressor, compressor plant, etc.);
20、operation modes and service parameters; range of functions (compression, energy conversion, cooling, drying, etc.) and appropriate structural composition of the equipment. Neither identification of the compressor equipment and its application fields nor selection of compressors for specific services
21、 and comparison of their technical and economical parameters are possible without knowledge of this information. That is why it is intended that the attributes listed in this Technical Report serve as a basis for the practical multi-dimensional classification system of compressor equipment. Some exp
22、lanatory notes and methodical approaches are presented in Annex A. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 12942:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Compressors Classification Complementary information to ISO 5390 1 Scope This Technical Report gives a classification of modern compressor types and their definition
23、s. This Technical Report presents terms for use in technical and contractual specifications, manufacturers literature, information searches and data processing systems, patent information, educational publications for students, service and maintenance instructions, industrial statistics and market s
24、urveys, as well as in design, quality, safety, testing and other standards, norms, regulations and codes. It is intended that adequate technical and economical comparison and evaluation of compressor alternatives for specific application conditions be performed with identical functional, mobility, s
25、ervice pressures and service media classes, as well as with equal capacity ratings. 2 Design classes 2.1 General The general hierarchy of compressor design classes is given in Figure 1. Design classes specify the basic working principles and conceptual engineering philosophy of modern compressors be
26、ing operated, marketed, manufactured, developed, investigated or invented. The classification tables in 2.2 to 2.5 contain preferred terms of basic compressor classes, their definitions and graphical illustrations. Graphical materials are presented only as examples. Non-preferred synonyms are given
27、in parentheses. Special definitions are not given for those subclasses where the wording of the terms characterizes sufficiently basic design features and attributes of the compressor types. More general high- level terms can be used in the technical documentation instead of low-level particular sub
28、classes, such as “compressor”, “compressor plant” and “compressor equipment” after the first full description of functional and design subclasses, and in all those cases where there is no possibility of confusion with other subclasses or there is no need to differentiate between specific subclasses.
29、 ISO/TR 12942:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedFigure 1 Design classes of compressors ISO/TR 12942:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 32.2 Classification by equipment type Class, term Subclass and definition Illustration (example only) Compressor (generic term) A machine or apparatus converti
30、ng different types of energy into the potential energy of gas pressure for displacement and compression of gaseous media to any higher pressure values above atmospheric pressure with pressure-increase ratios exceeding 1,1. NOTE 1 Similar equipment with pressure-increase ratio values of up to 1,1 is
31、regarded as ventilator. Compressor machine A compressor in which conversion of different types of energy into the potential energy of gas pressure is effected by mechanical motions of solid working members. NOTE 2 In some design types of compressor machine, intermediate liquid service media can be u
32、sed for driving-force transmitting from one solid member to the other one (e.g. in electrically/hydraulically driven piston and diaphragm compressor). See 2.3 to 2.5 for specific classes Compressor apparatus A compressor in which conversion of different types of energy into the potential energy of g
33、as pressure is effected by stationary positions of working members effecting basic energy conversion functions, mechanical motions being used only for auxiliary functions, such as gas inlet and outlet, and energy-agent supply and withdrawal. See 2.3 to 2.5 for specific classes 2.3 Classification of
34、compressor apparatuses by operation principles Class, term Subclass Definition Illustration (example only) Ejector A compressor apparatus of dynamic type, comprising suction chamber, cylindrical throat and diffuser, in which the gas-pressure increase is obtained in continuous flow by initial increas
35、ing its kinetic energy by mechanical action of the motive high-velocity auxiliary fluid stream entraining the gas into the accelerating mixed stream, and successive conversion of the kinetic energy into the potential energy of the mixture pressure by deceleration of the mixture flow in the diffuser,
36、 the high velocity of the motive auxiliary-fluid steam being created by its expansion in the nozzle from pressurized state to the initial or lower pressure of the gas being compressed. auxiliary fluid gas Compressor apparatus Thermo- compressor A compressor apparatus of displacement type in which th
37、e gas pressure increase, its discharge and gas intake are obtained by cyclically heating and cooling of the closed volumes of the gas. Adsorption compressor A compressor apparatus of displacement type in which the gas pressure increase, its discharge and gas intake are obtained by cyclical adsorptio
38、n of the gas by special adsorbents such as metal hydrides and its desorption at higher pressures by changing temperature conditions. ISO/TR 12942:2012(E) 4 ISO 2012 All rights reservedClass, term Subclass Definition Illustration (example only) Acoustical compressor A compressor apparatus of displace
39、ment type in which the gas pressure increase, its discharge and gas intake are obtained by cyclical formation of low- and high- pressure phases in the closed volumes of the gas due to actions of pressure waves emitted by an acoustical generator Pressure shock compressor (Pressure exchanger) A compre
40、ssor apparatus of displacement type in which the compression of successive volumes of the gas is effected by shock waves created by the second high- pressure energy-carrying gas in several longitudinal through channels arranged circumferentially on the cylindrical drum, these channels being cyclical
41、ly closed by rotation of the drum between fixed end plates having inlet/outlet ports and blind zones, the shock waves being generated by cyclical exposure of channel ends to the energy-carrying-gas manifold, and inlet/outlet of both fluids being achieved by synchronization of drum-rotating speed in
42、respect to the fixed inlet/outlet ports with the velocity of pressure-wave propagation. NOTE 1 The rotating drum is not imparting any energy to the gas to be compressed. Its rotation synchronized with shock wave velocity is an auxiliary movement only ensuring control of fluid flows. The drum can be
43、driven by an small auxiliary prime mover or any other power transmitting shaft. NOTE 2 The shock-wave propagation from one channel end to another one and gas compression up to pressure equalization of two fluids in the channels occur essentially faster than mixing of fluids. Compressor apparatus (co
44、ntinued) Liquid-column compressor A compressor apparatus of displacement type in which admission and compression of successive volumes of the gas are performed periodically by forced expansion and diminution of a closed space(s) in the vertical casing of any form due to displacement of the auxiliary
45、-liquid column in said casing. NOTE 1 The displacement of the auxiliary-liquid column can be generated by external renewable natural-energy sources, e.g. water waves. NOTE 2 The liquid-displacement source subclasses are: sea-wave driven compressors; tidal-wave driven compressors. Acoustical generato
46、r Fixed end plates Rotating drum ISO/TR 12942:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 52.4 Classification of compressor machines by operation principles Class, term Subclass Definition Illustration (example only) Dynamic compressor, turbocompressor A compressor machine in which the gas pressure increas
47、e is achieved in continuous flow essentially by increasing its kinetic energy in the flow path of the machine due to acceleration to the high velocities by mechanical action of blades placed on a rapid rotating wheel and further transformation of the kinetic energy into the potential energy of the e
48、levated pressure by successive deceleration of the said flow. Positive-displacement compressor A compressor machine in which the admission and compression of successive volumes of the gaseous medium are performed periodically by forced expansion and diminution of a closed space(s) in a working chamb
49、ers(s) by means of displacement of a moving member(s) or by displacement and forced discharge of the gaseous medium into the high-pressure area. NOTE The closed spaces with variable or displaceable volumes represent compression chambers. In one working chamber, there can be one or several variable-volume compression chambers. Simultaneous compression driver gear Compressor machine Combined compressor machine A compressor machine in which the compression of gaseous medium or media is performed simultaneously
