1、 ISO 2016 Effectiveness of paper deacidification processes Efficacit des procds de dsacidification du papier TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 18344 Reference number ISO/TS 18344:2016(E) First edition 2016-02-01 ISO/TS 18344:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016,
2、Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Pe
3、rmission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO/TS 18344:2016(E)Forewor
4、d iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Principle 3 5 Requirements 3 5.1 General . 3 5.2 Sampling . 3 5.2.1 Material 3 5.2.2 Procedure . 4 5.3 Process validation 4 5.3.1 Frequency of sampling 4 5.3.2 Sample quantities and preparation of samples . 4 5.3.
5、3 Test methods and minimum requirements 5 5.4 Routine monitoring . 8 5.4.1 Frequency of sampling and sample quantities 8 5.4.2 Test methods and minimum requirements 8 6 Report 8 Annex A (informative) Negative side effects and insufficient deacidification 10 Annex B (informative) Sample forms for doc
6、umentation .11 Bibliography .17 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO/TS 18344:2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
7、carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the wo
8、rk. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the dif
9、ferent approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document
10、may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/pat
11、ents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO princ
12、iples in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee SC 10, Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation.iv ISO 2016 All ri
13、ghts reserved ISO/TS 18344:2016(E) Introduction Archives, libraries and similar institutions store written and printed documents which they are obliged to retain on a permanent basis for cultural reasons and, in some cases, in order to meet legal requirements. Often, the condition of these documents
14、 is endangered for a number of reasons. One of these is related to the manufacturing process used for more modern types of paper. In the industrial age, paper-making processes underwent significant changes. One of the processes affected was sizing, which, in industrial processes, was achieved by mix
15、ing additives into the fibre suspension before shaping the sheets. These additives included acidic substances like aluminium sulfate. The reaction of the sizing agent eventually leads to formation of free acids. The acids act as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of cellulose, making the material brittle
16、. Climatic influences aggravate this process, air pollution and cellulose degradation processes are a further source of acid in paper. Another factor for paper stability is the raw material itself. For centuries, paper was made of textile fibres like linen, hemp or cotton rags which rather deliver s
17、table, long-chain cellulose. The search for a more abundant raw material led to the invention to produce pulp out of wood by a grinding process. The resulting ground wood paper still contains most of the lignin and hemicelluloses, in addition to cellulose. The low pulp purity and the mechanical proc
18、ess causing a partial cutting of fibres lead to a much weaker paper. Compared to the older rag papers, ground wood paper is also less stable on the long run. The problem of paper degradation due to acid has developed into a tremendous problem for archives and libraries. In addition to the processes
19、for deacidifying single sheets, such processes having been used in conservation for a long time, the past few decades have seen new developments in technical processes which can be used on a large scale to retard the further decay of cultural assets as bound volumes and single sheets (“mass deacidif
20、ication”). The aim of deacidification is to appreciably improve the life expectancy of paper. This is achieved by adding an alkaline substance to neutralize existing acid and slow down future acidic degradation for at least some time (buffering, alkaline reserve). Deacidification cannot improve the
21、actual physical properties of the paper, but in combination with proper storage, it can slow down further decay. Without validated analytical methods, it is not possible to assess whether a paper has been deacidified, or to what degree deacidification has been successful. This Technical Specificatio
22、n compiles the suitable measurements. ISO 2016 All rights reserved v Effectiveness of paper deacidification processes 1 Scope This Technical Specification defines test methods and minimum requirements for paper deacidification processes regarding their effectiveness and consistency. It is applicable
23、 for all large scale processes which offer deacidification of acid documents made of printed or hand-written paper. Possible negative side effects of deacidification processes on the treated objects are not the subject of this Technical Specification. However, some general recommendations for how to
24、 cope with these side effects are given in Annex A. It is not specified either, which types of paper objects can be treated by large scale deacidification methods. Whatever currently available deacidification method is used, some objects might be excluded from treatment to avoid mechanical damage to
25、 paper and bindings or other unwanted side effects. The provider of the deacidification treatment should inform the customer about the limitations of the chosen method. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensa
26、ble for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 535, Paper and board Determination of water absorptiveness Cobb method ISO 536, Paper and board Determination o
27、f grammage ISO 776, Pulps Determination of acid-insoluble ash ISO 5351:2010, Pulps Determination of limiting viscosity number in cupri-ethylenediamine (CED) solution ISO 5626, Paper Determination of folding endurance ISO 5630-5:2008, Paper and board Accelerated ageing Part 5: Exposure to elevated te
28、mperature at 100 degrees C ISO 6588-1, Paper, board and pulps Determination of pH of aqueous extracts Part 1: Cold extraction ISO 9184-1, Paper, board and pulps Fibre furnish analysis Part 1: General method ISO 9184-4, Paper, board and pulps Fibre furnish analysis Part 4: Graff “C” staining test ISO
29、 10716, Paper and board Determination of alkali reserve 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 accelerated ageing artificially induced ageing under laboratory condition by increasing temperature and sometimes changing humidity or expo
30、sure to light in order to accelerate chemical reactions in paper like hydrolysis or oxidation to simulate processes usually occurring under natural condition but at a much slower speed TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 18344:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1 ISO/TS 18344:2016(E) 3.2 alkaline reser
31、ve compound like calcium or magnesium carbonate neutralizing acids in paper 3.3 average degree of polymerisation average number of anhydroglucose units (monomers of cellulose) in the cellulose macromolecule 3.4 batch process deacidification process for a definite quantity of documents 3.5 continuous
32、 process deacidification process for an indefinite quantity of documents 3.6 deacidification neutralization of the organic and inorganic acids in the paper and deposit of an alkaline reserve as buffer against any subsequent acidic activity on paper 3.7 extract pH value obtained in a water extract af
33、ter the paper has been extracted under defined condition. Note 1 to entry: Value measured with a glass electrode immersed in a definite quantity of water in which paper is dispersed in small pieces. 3.8 folding endurance common logarithm of the number of double folds required to cause rupture in a s
34、trip of paper 3.9 mass deacidification process of paper deacidification on a large scale 3.10 process validation securing an operation according to preset parameters determined at processed objects 3.11 routine monitoring monitoring carried out at regular intervals during normal operations 3.12 side
35、 effects any unintended consequence caused by the execution of a treatment process 3.13 test paper paper with characteristics defined in this Technical Specification, which is deacidified together with original documents and then analysed 3.14 uniformity of deacidification homogeneous distribution o
36、f the alkaline reserve and pH across the entire sheet and within whole book blocks2 ISO 2016 All rights reserved ISO/TS 18344:2016(E) 4 Principle Specified uniform test papers are treated together with customers documents in a deacidification process. Afterwards, the test papers are examined using s
37、tandardized test methods. The test papers are acidic and similar in their properties to common paper qualities produced in the period from around 1870 onwards. The usage of such papers ensures reliable results and allows comparing different batches, deacidification methods and treatment plants. NOTE
38、 It is to be emphasized that successful tests according to this Technical Specification cannot guarantee that all documents treated in the process are deacidified to the same degree as the test papers. The result of a deacidification treatment strongly depends on the properties of the treated object
39、, such as porosity, thickness, sizing, coating and acidity of the paper, etc. Therefore, it is impossible to guarantee that certain pH levels and alkaline reserve amounts are achieved in each object by the deacidification treatment. A passing of the tests means, however, that there is a high percent
40、age of successfully treated objects. 5 Requirements 5.1 General This Technical Specification defines test methods for “process validation” (initial testing) and “routine monitoring”. Process validation is used to prove that a technique fulfils its defined purpose. Routine monitoring is used to check
41、 that the effectiveness determined by process validation is being achieved in the course of the actual work. Routine monitoring, therefore, is based on process validation. For “process validation”, extended test procedures should be carried out before and after accelerated ageing of the samples, inc
42、luding measurements of pH value, alkaline reserve, uniformity of deacidification and degree of polymerisation. For “routine monitoring”, alkaline reserve of the test papers is examined. 5.2 Sampling 5.2.1 Material Both process validation and routine monitoring are performed using samples of test pap
43、er, some of which are deliberately not subjected to the deacidification process serving as a reference. Table 1 Test paper Test paper (ground wood-free) According to ISO standard Fibrous material Fully bleached sulphite pulp with hemicelluloses ISO 9184-1, ISO 9184-4 Kaolin filler 12 %15 % kaolin IS
44、O 776 Grammage 80 g/m 2 ISO 536 Surface finish none none Sizing approximately Cobb 60 20 g/m 2 ISO 535 Type of sizing Alum rosin sizing Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 none Surface sizing none none Extract pH approximately 5 ISO 6588-1 Optical brighteners none none Acidity, given as negative alkaline reserve approxi
45、mately 0,3 % MgCO 3 a aSince no ISO standard is available, the German technical specification Zellcheming ZM IV/58/80 “Prfung von Papier, Karton und Pappe” can be applied. See Reference 2. ISO 2016 All rights reserved 3 ISO/TS 18344:2016(E) 5.2.2 Procedure All samples should be examined within four
46、weeks after treatment has been completed (including post treatment measures). Before the paper is examined, any loose residues occurring as a side effect of the deacidification process should be removed by brushing. 5.3 Process validation 5.3.1 Frequency of sampling A complete process validation is
47、required every four years and, additionally, following changes to the process technology, changes of chemical components or their supplier, or changes of the test paper for routine monitoring. The process validation is valid for all treatment devices of a production site that use the same process an
48、d technology. 5.3.2 Sample quantities and preparation of samples The process validation is performed using identical test papers (i.e. same production batch). A quantity of 32 (+4, if folding endurance is included) test sheets, size A5 or larger, is needed for the necessary testing (see Table 2) of
49、one treated sample set. Four treated sample sets are necessary for the process validation. The untreated sample set included, the sum of test sheets for one complete process validation is therefore 148 (+20, if folding endurance is included). Table 2 Tested qualities and numbers of test sheets needed Tested quality untreated test paper (one untreated sample set) treated test paper (one treated sample set) unaged aged unaged aged pH value (cold extraction) 4 4 4 4 Alkaline reserve 4 4 4 4 Uniformity of deacidi
