1、2010年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：46.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、区分题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.(20/150)homonymy vs. polysemy（分数：2.00）_2.entailment vs. presupposition（分数：2.00）_3.surface structure vs. deep structure（分数：2.00）_4.endophor
2、ic reference vs. exophoric reference（分数：2.00）_二、单项选择题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)5.For each group of items in the following, point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（分数：2.00）A.ex p ensiveB.re p eatC.s p ringD.cons p iracyFocus on the pronunc
3、iation of “p“A.co n siderateB.to n icityC.poi n tlessD.i n consistencyFocus on the pronunciation of “n“A.number sB.classroom sC.island sD.laptop s Focus on the pronunciation of “s“A.competentB.principalC.individualD.animateFocus on the location of the stressA./f/B./p/C./d/D./g/Focus on the classific
4、ation of consonantsA.provideB.supplyC.offerD.accuseFocus on transitivityA.re ceiveB.en ableC.re vol utionaryD.pro ceed Focus on the type of morphemesA.aboardB.beyondC.beneathD.withoutFocus on word typesA.parent/childB.teacher/studentC.tree/forestD.buyer/sellerFocus on the type of semantic relationA.
5、locutionary actB.illocutionary actC.perlocutionary actD.elocutionary actFocus on Austin“s trichotomy of speech act theoryA.Quality MaximB.Method MaximC.Quantity MaximD.Relation MaximFocus on Grice“s Cooperative PrincipleA.Content of discourseB.Mode of discourseC.Tenor of discourseD.Field of discours
6、eFocus on Halliday“s Register Theory三、分析题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)17.Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of the following.(12/150)inconsistency(4/150)（分数：2.00）_18.The scholar also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral.
7、(8/150)（分数：2.00）_19.What is metaphor? How does cognitive linguistics interpret it differently from traditional rhetoric? Use a few examples to illustrate how the farmer contributes to our understanding of language.(20/150)（分数：2.00）_20.What do Brown and Levinson(1987)mean by “positive face“ and “nega
8、tive face“? Study the following utterances and decide which type of face is being attended to in each utterance. Support each of your decisions with a brief explanation.(20/150)(1)Come here, Johnny.(2)Passengers please refrain from smoking.(3)I just want to ask you if I can use your bike.(4)You must
9、 be tired after the long flight. Shall we talk about the contract tomorrow?（分数：2.00）_21.Academic writing is supposed to be formal in style. However, colloquialisms of various kinds abound in Chinese learners“ theses. Study the following excerpt from a postgraduate student“s B. A. thesis. Point out t
10、hose linguistic forms that are too colloquial to be appropriate. What might be the major causes for the use of the inappropriate language style? What advice do you have for teachers of English?(22/150)Presidents“ inaugural address is an art that maybe includes all the skills of public speaking. How
11、do American Presidents make their addresses attractive and persuasive? Do they have some skills or secrets of success on public speaking? Yes, I think so. I think many people who have great talent in public speaking make concerted effort to construct such a perfect text. That is to say, they check w
12、ording and phrasing, use all kinds of figures of speech as long as they need. So inaugural addresses show their especial charm to appeal to millions of fellow citizens.In this research, I“ll try to prove that rhetoric techniques are frequently used in the speeches and play indispensable roles in mak
13、ing a good inaugural address. But it“s obviously a “mission impossible“ to study the whole family of rhetoric techniques in inaugural addresses. So I“ll only choose one important and active member in the rhetoric familymetaphor, because it“s used most frequently in presidents“ inaugural addresses, a
14、nd I“ll use three American presidents“ inaugural addresses as my samples.I hope that through my research I can find out the usage of metaphors in those addresses, and what effects they make respectively on the theme the addressers want to deliver. And I also hope that the comparison and contrast amo
15、ng the three different speeches will give us some clues about the change of American“s political, economic, municipal, and diplomatic tactics in different periods.（分数：2.00）_22.What is euphemism? Define it briefly in your own words. Then, study the following euphemistic expressions carefully and writ
16、e out their non-euphemistic equivalents in the third column.(16/150) （分数：2.00）_23.The following statements are some items listed in a questionnaire designed to investigate Chinese high school students“ motivation in learning English. Read these statements and fulfill three tasks: 1)provide your defi
17、nition of motivation in language learning; 2)categorize the statements in relation to different types of motivation; and 3)based on your definition of motivation, add at least TWO more items to the questionnaire(You can write the items in Chinese).(16/150)1我学英语是因为英语是必修课。2我喜欢英语，我觉得学英语很快乐。3我学英语主要是为了应付
18、高考。4学不好英语，将来就找不到好工作。5我学英语是为了了解国外的文化。6我学英语是为了向外国人介绍中国文化。7我学英语是因为我以后可能会出国留学。8英语是人生路上一块重要的敲门砖。9学好英语对我很重要，因为它是非常有用的交流工具。（分数：2.00）_2010年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：46.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、区分题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.(20/150)homon
19、ymy vs. polysemy（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, that is, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones, such as rain/reign. When two words are
20、identical in spelling, they are homographs, such as tear v. /tear n. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms, such as fast adj. /fast v. Polysemy refers to the phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning. Such a word is called a polyse
21、mic or polysemous word. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word table has many meanings, such as(1)a piece of furniture.(2)orderly arrangements of facts, figures, etc.)解析：解析：(考查同音同形异义现象与一词多义现象)2.entailment vs. presupposition（分数：2
22、.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y. Analyzing the relation of entailment in terms of truth condition, we come to the following conclusions: If X is true, Y is necessarily true. If X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, X
23、: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. Similar to entailment, presupposition is a semantic relationship or logical connection. Analyzing the relation of presupposition in terms of truth condition, we can conclude: If X is true, Y must be true. If X is false, Y is still true. For example,
24、 X; John“s bike needs repairing. Y; John has a bike.)解析：解析：(考查语义学中的蕴涵与预设)3.surface structure vs. deep structure（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：There are two levels of syntactic structure. The one formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head“s sub-categorization properties, is called deep structure. The ot
25、her one, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure. The organization of the syntactic component of the grammar can be depicted below; The XP Rule DEEP STRUCTURE(Sub-categorization restricts choices of complem
26、ents) Transformations SURFACE STRUCTURE For example; Would you come tomorrow? Deep structure; Surface structure; )解析：解析：(考查句法学中的表层结构与深层结构)4.endophoric reference vs. exophoric reference（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：An endophoric reference refers to something inside the text in which the reference is found. It
27、 includes two types; anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference. An anaphoric reference refers to something within a text that has been previously identified. For example, in “Susan dropped the plate. It shattered loudly“ , the word “it“ refers to the phrase “the plate“. A cataphoric reference ref
28、ers to something within the text that has not yet been identified. For example, in “He was very cold. David promptly put on his coat“ , the identity of the “he“ is unknown until the individual is referred to as “David“. An exdophoric reference refers to language outside of the text in which the refe
29、rence is found. For example, the meaning of the phrase “the Queen“ may be determined by the country in which it is spoken. Because there are many Queens throughout the world, and the location of the speaker provides the extra information that allows an individual Queen to be identified.)解析：解析：(考查言内照
30、应与言外照应)二、单项选择题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)5.For each group of items in the following, point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（分数：2.00）A.ex p ensiveB.re p eat C.s p ringD.cons p iracyFocus on the pronunciation of “p“解析：解析：The pronunciation o
31、f “p“ is aspirated in B, while in the other three words, “P“ is unaspirated because it is after the sound /s/. (考查字母 p在音位s后的发音)A.co n siderateB.to n icityC.poi n tlessD.i n consistencyFocus on the pronunciation of “n“ 解析：解析：The pronunciation of “n“ is transformed into the sound /A.number sB.classroo
32、m sC.island sD.laptop s Focus on the pronunciation of “s“ 解析：解析：“s“ in D is pronounced as /s/, while in the other three words are all pronounced as /z/.(考查字母 s在名词复数中的发音)A.competentB.principalC.individual D.animateFocus on the location of the stress解析：解析：The stress in C is on the third syllable, whil
33、e in the other three words, they are on the first syllable.(考查单词的重音)A./f/ B./p/C./d/D./g/Focus on the classification of consonants解析：解析：The sound /f/ is a fricative, while the other three sounds are all stops.(考查辅音的分类)A.provideB.supplyC.offer D.accuseFocus on transitivity解析：解析：Offer can be followed
34、by two objects; the direct object and the indirect object, while the other three words cannot be followed by two objects.(考查动词的及物性)A.re ceiveB.en able C.re vol utionaryD.pro ceed Focus on the type of morphemes解析：解析：Able in B is a free morpheme, while the morphemes in the other three words are all bo
35、und morphemes.(考查粘着语素和自由语素的区别)A.aboard B.beyondC.beneathD.withoutFocus on word types解析：解析：A is an adverb, while the other three words are used as prepositions.(考查词类)A.parent/childB.teacher/studentC.tree/forest D.buyer/sellerFocus on the type of semantic relation解析：解析：Tree/forest have a semantic rela
36、tionship of hyponymy, while the others are antonymy.(考查语义关系)A.locutionary actB.illocutionary actC.perlocutionary actD.elocutionary actFocus on Austin“s trichotomy of speech act theory 解析：解析：A, B and C are the three senses of Austin“s Speech Act Theory, while D is not. (考查奥斯汀的言语行为理论)A.Quality MaximB.
37、Method Maxim C.Quantity MaximD.Relation MaximFocus on Grice“s Cooperative Principle解析：解析：A, C and D are the three maxims in Grice“s Cooperative Principle, but B is not.(考查格赖斯的合作原则的四条准则)A.Content of discourse B.Mode of discourseC.Tenor of discourseD.Field of discourseFocus on Halliday“s Register Theo
38、ry解析：解析：B, C, and D are aspects of Halliday“s Register Theory, while A is not.(考查韩礼德的语域理论)三、分析题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)17.Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of the following.(12/150)inconsistency(4/150)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：inconsis
39、tency 1 st cutting; in/consistency 2 nd cutting; in/consist/ency 3 rd cutting; in/con/sist/ency)解析：18.The scholar also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral.(8/150)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The scholar also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral. 1 st cutting: The school/also
40、 argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral. 2 nd cutting; The school/also argues/that the spread of English is nothing neutral. 3 rd cutting; The school/also argues/that/the spread of English is nothing neutral. 4 th cutting; The school/also argues/that / the spread of English/is/nothing
41、neutral. 5 th cutting; The school/also argues/that/the spread /of English/is/nothing/neutral. 6 th cutting: The/school/also/argues/that/the/spread/of/English/is/ nothing/neutral.)解析：19.What is metaphor? How does cognitive linguistics interpret it differently from traditional rhetoric? Use a few exam
42、ples to illustrate how the farmer contributes to our understanding of language.(20/150)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：In traditional rhetoric, metaphor refers to the process of transferring qualities from one thing to another. In a metaphor, words like like and as do not appear. A metaphor makes a comparison
43、between two unlike elements, and this comparison is implied rather than stated.(4 points) In cognitive linguistics, metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is constructed in terms of the other. It“s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target doma
44、in is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.(4 points) Therefore, we can say that in traditional rhetoric, metaphor emphasizes the transfer of qualities, and the omission of words like like and as; whereas in cognitive linguistics, it emphasizes the different
