1、MBA 联考英语-14 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two “behavior segments“ in some novel way, never actually performed before so as to reach a goal. Two
2、 followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, (1) a test for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hulls principles. The children were given the (2) of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage (3) . The children were traine
3、d on each stage (4) . The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of (5) the marble into a small hole to release the toy.The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. (6) the task of getting a marble by pressing the
4、 button they could get the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them, they could use the marble. (All they had to do was put it in a hole.) (7) they did not for the most part “integrate“, to use the Kendlers terminology. They did not press the button to get the marble
5、and then (8) without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive (9) .The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from (10) psychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot
6、 do the Kendlers task either. But it lessens, (11) , when we learn that a task was devised which was (12) to the Kendlers one but much easier for the African males to handle.(13) the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two (14) colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that w
7、ould open the box. Notice that there are still two (15) segments“open the right matchbox to get the key“ and “use the key to open the box“so the task seems formally to be (16) . But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaning
8、ful objects; and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then (17) that the difficulty of integration is greatly reduced.Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, (18) , the difficulty lies not in the (19) processes which the task demands, but
9、 in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. When these are changed in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of the problem, then five-year-old children solve the problem (20) college students did in the Kendlers own experiments.（分数：10.00）A.devisedB.madeC.didD
10、producedA.workB.dutyC.taskD.obligationA.consequenceB.sequenceC.resultD.orderA.exclusivelyB.completelyC.fullyD.separatelyA.inferringB.importingC.insertingD.imaginingA.GivenB.AppointedC.FurnishedD.DistributedA.MoreoverB.ButC.ThusD.ThenA.prolongB.proposeC.processD.proceedA.reassumingB.discussingC.reas
11、oningD.demonstratingA.anotherB.differentC.additionalD.elseA.whats moreB.in the second placeC.in additionD.on the other handA.likeB.similarC.diverseD.familiarA.Apart fromB.Thanks toC.Instead ofD.Except forA.correctlyB.equallyC.intendedlyD.differentlyA.mannerB.behaviorC.deedD.activityA.the sameB.the i
12、denticalC.the duplicateD.the alikeA.turns onB.turns overC.turns outD.turns upA.eitherB.alsoC.likewiseD.tooA.infectiousB.inferentialC.innovativeD.indignantA.as much asB.as soon asC.as well asD.as quickly as二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Passage OneIs it possible that the i
13、deas we have today about ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By no means. The idea of owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient Jews, for one, had a very different outloo
14、k on property and ownership, viewing it as something much more temporary and tentative than we do.The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of productive property as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no means universal and must be viewed as an
15、invention of man rather than an order of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the earth and its products, raw and transformed. It seems not at all strange, in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without such arrangements. If someone, some individu
16、als, didnt own that plot of land, that house, that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would the rules be? Whom would we buy from and how would we sell?It is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achieving ownership simply by taking or claiming
17、 property and owning what we tend to call the “fruit of labor.“ If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise crops, or if I make something useful out of natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the objects belong to me or my family, are my prope
18、rty, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical workingmens movements made (an ownership) claim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex, however, such issues became vastly more intricate. I
19、t must be clear that in modern society the social heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange account for far more of the productivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accounted for by the labor of any number of individuals. H
20、ardly any person can now point and say, “Thatthat right thereis the fruit of my labor.“ We can say, as a society, as a nationas a world, reallythat what is produced is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity.We have to recognize that the right of private individual
21、 ownership of property is man-made and constantly dependent on the extent to which those without property believe that the owner can make his claim, dependent on the extent to which those without stick.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the concept of ownership probably _.（分数：2.00）A.resulted fr
22、om the concept of property rightB.stemmed from the uncovered prehistoric agesC.arose from the generous blessing of the CreatorD.originated from the undetected Middle Ages(2).The author thinks private ownership to be _.（分数：2.00）A.a necessary invention of mankindB.an inherent right of a human beingC.a
23、 permanent arrangement for societyD.an explicit idea of some individuals(3).We learn by inference that private property may _.（分数：2.00）A.be viewed as a design of inventive powersB.be treated as a discovery of our ancestorsC.function as the universal rule of tradingD.serve as the basis of market econ
24、omy(4).It is reasonable to claim ones own fruit of labor because _.（分数：2.00）A.his labor accounts for the product and its valueB.he has the priority to lay claim on the productC.his labor is widely recognized and respectedD.he has the grounds for making claims first(5).Private ownership of property i
25、s described at the end of the passage as _.（分数：2.00）A.a production of early mans manual workB.a demand for greater productivity in industryC.varying with the shift in human agreementsD.denied by socialized production and exchangePassage TwoThere are more differences between the United States and Jap
26、an than conflicting values during World War II. Cultural and societal differences between the two nations and its peoples shaped beliefs and perceptions and thus interactions within those societies and between them as well.The Japanese media made sure to cast the United States in a negative light du
27、ring the war. Even afterward, they would distort everything from Ted Kennedys car accident and the death of Mary Jo Kopechne to important battles and events. During World War II, newspapers tried to give the public what they wanted for morale. Positive news was widely broadcast, but anything negativ
28、e was also distorted or hidden. Sons or husbands who died during World War II were heroes, for sure, but the concept of suicide missions was unknown to the Japanese.The dropping of “warning fliers“ by the United States before the atomic bomb was let go is controversial. Some feel they were fair and
29、that the Japanese denied their existence and failed to adequately warn the people. Others think they were a part of psychological warfare, really dropped after Anola Gay flew off to Hiroshima, and merely acting as a doubtful precursor of any future attacks.The war and the role of the Japanese govern
30、ment caused uncertainty and hatred among the Japanese toward Americans. Any of the few white people living in Japan sometimes had their houses searched - not by the government, but by curious neighbors. “What I never got used to was my home being searched; nothing ever stolen, just investigated freq
31、uently,“ said one American woman living in Japan at the time.The Japanese looked upon Americans as crude and immoral, by their standards, as a melting pot without a culture of its own. They also underestimated Americas ability to unite for a cause and develop such a powerful bomb, perhaps because of
32、 the broadcasts by the Japanese media.The United States citizens looked down upon the Japanese as well, disgusted by the brutality of medical experimentation on human subjects by the Japanese government. The treatment of POWs angered the United States as well; the notable photo of Australian Sgt. Le
33、onard Siffleet about to be beheaded with a sword didnt help with anti-Japanese sentiments, which probably began with the “sneak attack“ on Pearl Harbor.Similarly to the actions of the Japanese media during World War II, the United States felt it necessary to dehumanize the enemy with bombs. Their re
34、fusal to accept defeat angered and put off Americans, as did Japanese propaganda. Boycotts on Japanese products popped up in America.Culture clashes continue to leave gaps between America and Japan. News of sexual slavery during WWII on the part of Japan, and anti-Japanese sentiments evident in Amer
35、ican societal products and business, keep the nations apart.（分数：10.00）(1).The examples of Kennedy and Mary were provided to _.（分数：2.00）A.disguise some bad informationB.uncover the truth about JapaneseC.show the prejudice in the mediaD.reveal the cultural differences(2).The author quoted one American
36、 woman so as to _.（分数：2.00）A.argue that the Japanese in general distrusted AmericansB.show how curious Japanese people were towards foreignersC.warn Americans of the possible dangers living in JapanD.demonstrate the positive role of the Japanese government(3).Which of the following does NOT describe
37、 Japanese view of American culture?（分数：2.00）A.Weak-unitedness.B.Lack of morality.C.Melting pot.D.Cruel min(4).American disrespect for the Japanese is expressed in _.（分数：2.00）A.winning the war with atomic bombsB.stopping buying Japanese-made goodsC.using human bodies for experimentD.taking brute reve
38、nge on Pearl Harbor(5).In the following text, the author will deal with _.（分数：2.00）A.detailed description of the way Japan surprisingly attacked Pearl harbourB.more reports of how the Japanese intentionally abused media coverageC.ways of narrowing the cultural differences between the two countriesD.
39、reasons of why peoples beliefs and perceptions an be formed by mediaPassage ThreeSuccessful businesses tend to continue implementing the ideas that made them successful. But in a rapidly changing world, ideas often become obsolete overnight. What worked in the past wont necessarily work in the futur
40、e. In order to thrive in the future, you must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business. In fact, you must continually generate new ideas just to keep your head above water. Businesses that arent creative about their future may not survive.Although Bill Gates is the richest, most
41、 successful man on the planet, he did not anticipate the Internet. Now hes scrambling to catch up. If Bill Gates can miss a major aspect of his industry, it can happen to you in your industry. Your business needs to continually innovate and create its future. Gates is now constantly worried about th
42、e future of Microsoft. Heres what he said in a recent interview in U.S. News World Report: “Will we be replaced tomorrow? No. In a very short time frame, Microsoft is an incredibly strong company. But when you look to the two-to-three-year time frame, I dont think anyone can say with a straight face
43、 that any technology company has a guaranteed position. Not Intel, not Microsoft, not Compaq, not Dell, take any of your favorites. And thats totally honest.“You may remember that in 1985 the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the market. But after Coleco Industries introduced the
44、ir sensational line of dolls they became complacent and didnt create any new toys worth mentioning. As a result. Coleco went bankrupt in 1988.The most successful businesses survive in the long term because they constantly reassess their situations and reinvest themselves accordingly. The 3M Company
45、has a 15% rule: employees are encouraged to spend 15% of their time developing new ideas on any project they desire; its no surprise, then, that 3M has been around since 1902.Most businesses are not willing to tear apart last years model of success and build a new one. Heres a familiar analogy to ex
46、plain why they are lulled into complacency: imagine that your business is like a pot of lobsters; to cook lobsters, you put them into a pot of warm water and gradually turn up the heat; the lobsters dont realize theyre being cooked because the process is so gradual. As a result, they become complace
47、nt and die without a struggle. However, if you throw a lobster into the pot when the water is boiling, it will desperately try to escape. This lobster is not lulled by a slowly changing environment. It realizes instantly that its in a bad environment and takes immediate action to change its status.（
48、分数：10.00）(1).Judging from the context, “to keep your head above water“ (Paragraph 1) probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.to be drownB.to keep out of financial difficultyC.to keep away from dangerD.to protect you from water(2).Why is Gates now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft?（分数：2.00）A.Becau
49、se he is the richest, most successful man on the planet.B.Because his company will be replaced tomorrow.C.Because in a very short time frame, Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.D.Because he doesnt think that any technology company has a guaranteed position.(3).Coleco Industries case suggests that _.（分数：2.00）A.the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the marketB.the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls are sensational line of dollsC.complacency and lack of creation will ultimately ruin a
