1、北京第二外国语学院英语语言学真题 2007 年及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_2.According to G. Leech, _ meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attit
2、udes of the speaker/writer.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_3.Terms like “apple“, “banana“ and “pear“ are _ of the term “fruit“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_4.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labe
3、led as _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_5.The sound p can be described with “ _, bilabial, stop“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_6.Semantics and _ investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_7._ is the technical name for the sameness relation.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_8.Chomsky initiated the distinction between _ an
4、d performance.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_9.The last sound of “top“ can be articulated as unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_10.The words “loose“ and “books“ have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well.（分
5、数：1.00）填空项 1:_11.It is characteristic of Hallidays theory that more attention is paid to paradigmatic relations than to syntagmatic relations, which is the main concern of Chomsky.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.According to the innateness hypothesis, infants are born able to speak a language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.
6、In the sentence “Money is often said to be the root of all evil“, “root“ is used in its conceptual meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.Of the three cavities, phraynx cavity is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.The description of a language at some point
7、 in time is called diachronic study.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were separated in tradtional grammar.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.Distinguish between the two possible meanings of the phrase “small childs cot“ by means of IC analysis.（分数：3.00）_18.Tell
8、whether each of the underlined parts is endocentric or exocentric.a. the professor who plagiarized c. the year to followb. the design out of the question d. the man who did come（分数：3.00）_19.Give the phonetic term according to the following description: the sound made with the back of the tongue and
9、the soft palate.（分数：3.00）_20.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grices Cooperative Principle: A: Where is X?B: Hes gone to the market. He said so when he left.（分数：3.00）_21.Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair: 1)a. He no longer likes coffee, b. He liked coffee.2)a. Mary
10、 is working in China. b. Mary is working in Beijing.（分数：3.00）_22.Classify the following pairs of antonyms. even-odd above-below present-absent arrogant-bashful（分数：3.00）_23.Mention a labiodental sound in English. Tell what speech organs are involved in producing labiodental sounds.（分数：4.00）_24.How ma
11、ny syllables does the word “kinder“ have? What are they? How many morphemes does it have? What are they?（分数：4.00）_25.What linguistic theories do American linguist Chomsky and Australian linguist Halliday represent respectively?（分数：4.00）_26.Do the suffixes -able in workable, -ness in workableness cha
12、nge the word class of the words to which they are attached? Are they bound morphemes or free morphemes? Inflections or derivations?（分数：4.00）_北京第二外国语学院英语语言学真题 2007 年答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word differen
13、t from another in meaning, are _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：allophone）解析：解析 考查音位变体的定义。2.According to G. Leech, _ meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：affective）解析：解析 考查情感意义的定义。3.Terms like “apple“, “banana“ and “pear“ are _ of
14、the term “fruit“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：hyponyms）解析：解析 考查上下义词的定义。4.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：displacement）解析：解析 考查语言的区别性特征之
15、一，即移位性的定义。5.The sound p can be described with “ _, bilabial, stop“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：voiceless）解析：解析 考查辅音p的特征。6.Semantics and _ investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：pragmatics）解析：解析 考查语言学的不同分支及其不同的研究范围，本题考查的主要是对意义的研究。Semantics是语义学，pragmatics 是语用学，主要研究的是在具体语
16、境中的意义。7._ is the technical name for the sameness relation.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Synonymy）解析：解析 考查同义关系的定义。8.Chomsky initiated the distinction between _ and performance.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：competence）解析：解析 语言学中重要的区分之一，语言能力与语言运用是乔姆斯基在其句法理论要略中提出的。9.The last sound of “top“ can be articulated as unrel
17、eased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：T）解析：解析 音位/p/是爆破音，在不同的单词中有发音和不发音的区别，虽然同属一个音位，但却被视为受不同位置条件制约的不同语音。而这些语音中处于互补分布关系的则叫做音位变体。10.The words “loose“ and “books“ have a common phoneme and a common morphem
18、e as well.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：F）解析：解析 本题考查的是音位和词素的关系。题干中的两个词都有一个共同的音位/s/，但是该音位在两个单词中的含义不同，在 loose 中是单词的组成部分，而在 books 中是表示名词复数的词缀。11.It is characteristic of Hallidays theory that more attention is paid to paradigmatic relations than to syntagmatic relations, which is the main concern of Chomsky.（分
19、数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：T）解析：解析 本题考查的是两大语言学家的研究重点。韩礼德注重聚合关系，而乔姆斯基重在研究组合关系。12.According to the innateness hypothesis, infants are born able to speak a language.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：F）解析：解析 本题考查的是对乔姆斯基语言天赋学说的掌握。语言天赋学说，强调人生来就具备学习语言的能力，而不是人生来就已经学会了某种语言。13.In the sentence “Money is often said to be the ro
20、ot of all evil“, “root“ is used in its conceptual meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：F）解析：解析 本题考查的是词的不同意义。Leech 将语义分为七类，第一类就是概念意义(conceptual meaning)，又叫逻辑意义(logical meaning)，它以概念意义为基础，是语言交际的核心因素，具有稳定性、明确性和有限性。本题题干中的“金钱是万恶之源”中的“root”一词使用的是它的反映意义(reflected meaning)，指通过与同一词语的另一意义(根本，根源)的联想来传递的意义。14.Of the
21、three cavities, phraynx cavity is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：F）解析：解析 本题考查的是人体的发音器官，即口腔(oral cavity)、鼻腔(nasal cavity)、咽腔(pharynx cavity)，其中变化最大的就是口腔。15.The description of a language at some point in time is called diachronic study.（分数
22、：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：F）解析：解析 本题考查的是语言的共时性(某一时期的研究)和历时性(历时性研究)的区别。16.Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were separated in tradtional grammar.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：T）解析：解析 传统语法将动词分为两种：时态和体。17.Distinguish between the two possible meanings of the phrase “small childs cot
23、“ by means of IC analysis.（分数：3.00）_正确答案：( “small“ is only used to modify “child“)解析：解析 本题考查的是用直接成分分析法(immediate constituent analysis)来对有歧义的短语进行分析，以消晰展现短语的内部结构。常见的直接成分分析的图示方法有圆括号法和树形图法。直接成分分析法能够解释一部分歧义结构，但对一部分比较复杂的歧义结构，如短语动词和系动词提前等，直接成分分析法就无能为力了。18.Tell whether each of the underlined parts is endoce
24、ntric or exocentric.a. the professor who plagiarized c. the year to followb. the design out of the question d. the man who did come（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(a.exocentric b.exocentric c.endocentric d.endocentric)解析：解析 本题要考查向心结构和离心结构。向心结构包含一个可以作为整个结构的中心或者核心的成分，该成分可以位于最后，也可以位于开头，一般为名词短语、动词短语和形容词短语；离心结构则没有明显的核心成分
25、，主要有简单句、介词短语、谓语结构和系表结构。19.Give the phonetic term according to the following description: the sound made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate.（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(Velar, for example: )解析：解析 本题考查的是软腭青(velar)的定义。软腭音是指通过舌头后部接触软腭而发出的语音。20.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grices Coop
26、erative Principle: A: Where is X?B: Hes gone to the market. He said so when he left.（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(In this dialogue, B has violated the Quantity Maxim since that Bs answer is more informativeAccording to the Quantity Maxim, a speaker has to make his contribution as informative as is required for th
27、e talk itself; and his speech shouldnt be more informative than is requiredIn this case, speaker B is more informative, and it implies its doubtful whether A has gone to the market.)解析：解析 本题考查的是 Girce 的 Cooperative Principle 和其四个原则(数量、质量、关联、方式)以及对合作原则违背可能产生的会话含义。21.Tell the sense relation between a
28、and b in each pair: 1)a. He no longer likes coffee, b. He liked coffee.2)a. Mary is working in China. b. Mary is working in Beijing.（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(1)Presupposition: sentence a presupposes b. 2) Entailment: sentence b entails a.)解析：解析 本题考查的是 Grice 的 Cooperative Principle 和其四个原则(数证、质量、关联、方式)以及对合作原则违背
29、所可能产生的会话含义。22.Classify the following pairs of antonyms. even-odd above-below present-absent arrogant-bashful（分数：3.00）_正确答案：(evenodd (complementary antonyms)abovebelow (converse antonyms)presentabsent (complementary antonyms)arrogantbashful (gradable antonyms)解析：解析 本题考查的是反义词的类型。反义词要有三种主要类型：渐次反义(grada
30、ble antonymy)、互补反义(complementary antonymy)和相反反义(converse antonymy)。渐次反义是指成对词中的成分词在程度上存在着差异， 一股更高程度的那个词可以充当涵盖词。互补反义是指构成词对的两个词是完全排斥、完全否定的，对一个的肯定意味着对另外一个的否定，反之亦然。构成相反反义的词对意味着两个实体之间关系的颠倒。23.Mention a labiodental sound in English. Tell what speech organs are involved in producing labiodental sounds.（分数：4
31、.00）_正确答案：(/f/ and /v/. Labiodental sound is made with the lower lip and the upper front teeth. /f/ and /v/, as in fire and via, are produced by raising the lower lip until it nearly touches the upper front teeth.)解析：解析 本题考查的是唇齿音，一般为下唇与上齿，相互接触发出的声音。24.How many syllables does the word “kinder“ have?
32、What are they? How many morphemes does it have? What are they?（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(There are altogether two syllables in the word kinder, they are and )解析：解析 本题考查音节和词素的概念。在英语中，音节是读音的基本单位，元音因素是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。每个元音因素都可以构成一个音。词素是语言中不可再分的最小单位。根据单独出现的能力，词素一般做分为两种，即自由词素(本身就可以作为有独特意义的词来使用的词素)和黏着词索(指不可单独作为一个有独
33、立意义的词来使用的词素，它只可作为词缀和另一个词素连用)。25.What linguistic theories do American linguist Chomsky and Australian linguist Halliday represent respectively?（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(As to the question about how to understand different sentence structures, there are two important language theories, one is the transformation
34、al-generative grammar proposed by Noam Chomsky, and the other is the systemic-functional grammar proposed by Halliday.Accordingly, Chomsky suggests us to make a distinction between two levels of structures: deep and surface structures. And the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar.As
35、 the name suggests, systemic-functional grammar has two characteristics: systematic and functional. It explains the internal relations in language as a systernic network, or meaning potential. It views language as a form of doing rather than a form of knowing, and it distinguishes linguistic potenti
36、al from actual language behavior.Hallidays theory paid more attention to paradigmatic relations than to syntagmatic relations which is the main concern of Chomsky.)解析：解析 本题考查乔姆斯基和韩礼德的不同理论。乔姆斯基提出转换生成语法。转换生成语法是将句法根据深层结构和表层结构来进行描述。韩礼德提出的系统功能语法可以分成“系统语法”和“功能语法”两个部分。他认为语言的性质决定人们对语言的要求，即它所必须完成的功能。同时，韩礼德在研
37、究语言时，更关注语言的聚合父系，这一点是他的理论与乔姆斯基的思想最大的不同所在。26.Do the suffixes -able in workable, -ness in workableness change the word class of the words to which they are attached? Are they bound morphemes or free morphemes? Inflections or derivations?（分数：4.00）_正确答案：(The suffixes -able in workable and -ness in workab
38、leness have changed the word class of the words to which they are attachedThey are bound morphemes，though -able is both a free and bound morphemeThey are derivational morphemes)解析：解析 本题考查的是词素和构词法。英语中的词索可分为黏着词素和自由词素。黏着词索又可进一步分为派生曲折两类。派生词素主要通过改变意义或者词性来创造新词。而曲折词素既不改变意义也不改变词性，只是给词加上一些诸如复数，过去式之类的语法信息。派生词缀可以是前缀也可以是后缀。曲折词缀只能是后缀，表示单词的性、数、格。
