1、北京第二外国语学院英语语言学真题 2008 年及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Consonants articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are more conveniently described in terms of place and 1 of articulation.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_2.The 1 is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without
2、destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_3.The brance of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_4.An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language sho
3、uld be used is 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_5.When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is 1 function.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_6.The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of the s
4、ame phoneme.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_7.After comparing “They stopped at the end of the corridor.“ with “At the end of the corridor, they stopped.“ you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of thematic meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_8.The words “boys“ and “raise“ have a
5、common phoneme and a common morpheme as well.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_9.Speech act theory was proposed by G.Leech.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_10.Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_11.Analyse the phrase more beautiful flowers by means of IC.（分数：2.00）_12.Tell whether each of the un
6、derlined part is endocentric or exocentric. a. a bridge damaged beyond repairb. the matter open to argument（分数：2.00）_13.Give the phonetic term according to the following description:the sound made with the tongue tip or blade and the upper from teeth.（分数：1.00）_14.Analyze the following dialogue with
7、reference to Grices Cooperative Principle: A: Have you taken that course?B: No. Ive taken another one because I think I need more time to enjoy myself.（分数：2.00）_15.Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair: 1)a. John visited Beijing.b. John visited China.2)a. Mary is more sensitive than J
8、ane.b. Jane is less sensitive than Mary.（分数：2.00）_16.Classify the following pairs of antonyms. innocentguilty parentchildhospitableunfriendly truefalse（分数：2.00）_17.Point out the commonness shared by the two sounds t and n.（分数：2.00）_18.Explain the notion of hyponym.（分数：2.00）_19.How do you understand
9、the dichotomy between competence and performance postulated by Chomsky?（分数：5.00）_20.What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classfied by Leech.（分数：5.00）_21.What is phonology? And what is a phoneme?（分数：5.00）_22.How do you understand “discreteness“, a design f
10、eature of language?（分数：5.00）_23.How well, in your opinion, does the word “communication“ represent the function of human language?（分数：5.00）_北京第二外国语学院英语语言学真题 2008 年答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Consonants articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are more conveniently described in terms
11、 of place and 1 of articulation.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：manner）解析：解析 考查辅音发音时的决定因素：发音器官的位置和发声方式。2.The 1 is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：morpheme）解析：解
12、析 考查词素的定义。3.The brance of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：syntax）解析：解析 考查句法学的定义。4.An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is 1.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：prescriptive app
13、roach）解析：解析 考查语言中重要区分中的一对即规定性和描述性，本题主要考查规定性的定义。5.When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is 1 function.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：phatic communion）解析：解析 考查交感性谈话的定义。6.The speech sounds which are in comple
14、mentary distribution are definitely allophones of the same phoneme.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：T）解析：解析 本题考查对音位、音位变体和互补性分布的理解。比如音位/p/是爆破音，在不同的单词中如在 speak 和 peak 后就有送气和不送气的区别，虽然同属一个音位，但却被视为受不同位置条件制约的不同语音，他们总是不会同时存在的，即存在于互补性分布之中。7.After comparing “They stopped at the end of the corridor.“ with “At the end o
15、f the corridor, they stopped.“ you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of thematic meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：T）解析：解析 本题考查 Leech 所提出的主题意义。主题意义是指通过组织信息的方式(语序、强调手段)所传递的意义。8.The words “boys“ and “raise“ have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as w
16、ell.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：F）解析：解析 本题考查音位和词素的含义。音位是语音系统中能通过语素区别意义的最小语音单位。词素是构词中不可再分的最小单位。boys 和 raise 有相同的音位/z/，但是他们构成的词素不同。在 boys中，/z/是表示复数含义的曲折词缀，而在 raise 中只是一个普通的构成单词的词素。9.Speech act theory was proposed by G.Leech.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：F）解析：解析 言语行为理论是由 Jane Austin 提出的，主要研究三种行为：locutionary act 言内
17、行为；illocutionary act 言外形为和 perlocutionary act 言后行为。10.Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：T）解析：解析 本题考查的是实词。实词，是指有实在意义，在句子中能独立承担句子成分，而且有词形的变化，英语中的实词包括名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词。与之相对应，英语中还有虚词，是指没有多少实在意义，在句子中不能独立承担句子成分，且没有词形变化的词，即冠词、介词、连词和感叹词。11.Analyse the phrase
18、 more beautiful flowers by means of IC.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：( NP(AP(more beautiful)flowers)In this way, “more beautiful“ is used to modify “flowers“NP(more NP(beautiful flowers)In this way, “more“ is used to modify “flowers“)解析：解析 本题考查的是用直接成分分析法(immediate constituent analysis)来对有歧义的短语进行分析，以清晰展现短语的内部结构。常见的
19、直接成分分析的图示方法有圆括号法和树形图法。直接成分分析法能够解释一部分歧义结构，但对一部分比较复杂的歧义结构，如短语动词和系动词提前等，直接成分分析法就无能为力了。12.Tell whether each of the underlined part is endocentric or exocentric. a. a bridge damaged beyond repairb. the matter open to argument（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(aendocentric V-phrase with the headdamaged bendocentric N-phrase
20、 with the headmatter)解析：解析 本题主要考查向心结构和离心结构。向心结构包含一个可以作为整个结构的中心或者核心的成分，该成分可以位于最后，也可以位于开头，一般为名词短语、动词短语和形容词短语；离心结构则没有明显的核心成分，主要有简单句、介词短语、谓语结构和系表结构。13.Give the phonetic term according to the following description:the sound made with the tongue tip or blade and the upper from teeth.（分数：1.00）_正确答案：(The so
21、und made with the tongue tip or blade and the upper from teeth: dental, examples are )解析：解析 本题考查的是齿音(dental)的定义：是指有舌尖或者舌叶抵住上切齿而发出的辅音，有时也被称作齿间音(interdental)。14.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grices Cooperative Principle: A: Have you taken that course?B: No. Ive taken another one bec
22、ause I think I need more time to enjoy myself.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(In this dialogue, B has violated the Maxim of Quantity since that Bs answer is more infonnative)解析：解析 本题考查的是 Grice 的 Cooperative Principle 和其四个原则(数量、质量、关联、方式)以及对合作原则违背所可能产生的会话含义。15.Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair: 1)a
23、. John visited Beijing.b. John visited China.2)a. Mary is more sensitive than Jane.b. Jane is less sensitive than Mary.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(1)Entailment: sentence a entails b2)Synonymy: sentence a is synonymous with sentence b)解析：解析 本题考查的是句子之间的关系。蕴涵关系为：A 蕴涵 B，当且仅当：A 真 B 必真，A 假 B 可真可假，B 假 A 必假。同义关系为：A 真，B
24、 亦真；A 假，B 亦假。16.Classify the following pairs of antonyms. innocentguilty parentchildhospitableunfriendly truefalse（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(innocent-guilty(complementary antonyms)hospitable-unfriendly(gradable antonyms)parent-child(converse antonyms)true-false(complementary antonyms)解析：解析 本题考查的是反义词的类型。反义词主要有三
25、种主要类型：渐次反义(gradable antonymy)、互补反义(complementary antonymy)和相反反义(converse antonymy)。渐次反义是指成对词中的成分词在程度上存在着差异，一般更高程度的那个词可以充当涵盖词。互补反义是指构成词对的两个词是完全排斥、完全否定的，对一个的肯定意味着对另外一个的否定，反之亦然。构成相反反义的词对意味着两个实体之间关系的颠倒。17.Point out the commonness shared by the two sounds t and n.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(/t/ and /n/ are both cons
26、onants and alveolar ones that is to say, they are made with tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge/t/ is an alveolar stop, while /n/ is an alveolar nasal)解析：解析 本题考查的是辅音的发音位置和发音方式。题干中的两个辅音都是齿龈音，不同之处在于/t/是闭塞音，而/n/是鼻音。18.Explain the notion of hyponym.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Hyponymy is a matter of class me
27、mbershipThe upper term in this sense relation, i.e. the class name, is called superordinate, and the lower terms, tile members, hyponymsA superordinate usually has several hyponymsThese members of the same class are co-hyponyms)解析：解析 本题考查的是下义词的含义。19.How do you understand the dichotomy between compet
28、ence and performance postulated by Chomsky?（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(The fundamental distinction between competence and performance is discussed by Chomsky in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performan
29、ce refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations (Chomsky, 165:3). According to Chomsky, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user. Chomsky points out that this distinction is related t
30、o the langueparole distinction of Saussure; but he does not accept the view of seeing langue as a mere systematic inventory of items. For him, competence is closer to the famous Gennan linguist Huxnboldts conception, thai is, it should refer to the underlying competence as a system of generative pro
31、cesses.)解析：解析 本题考查的是语言学中的重要区分之一，即乔姆斯基提出的语言能力与语言运用的区分。语言使用者关于规则系统的基础性知识被称为其语言能力。而语言运用是指具体操作情景中的语言实际运用。20.What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classfied by Leech.（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(Leech recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics (p. 23), first published i
32、n 1974, as follows: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning and thematic meaning. Leech says that the first type of meaning conceptual meaningmakes tip the central part. It is denotative in that it is concerned with the relat
33、ionship between a word and, the thing it denotes, or refers to. In this sense, conceptual meaning overlaps toa large extent with the notion of reference. In Leechs system, connotative meaning refers to some additional, especially emotive meaning rather than that shown in philosophy. This connotative
34、 meaning as well as other four meanings is collectively known as associative meaning. The last type, thematic meaning is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.)解析：解析 立奇在其首次于 1974 年出版的语义学中以更为中和的语气识别了七种意义类型，它关注的是词与词所表示或所指称的事物之间的关系。他所提出的意
35、义类型如下：概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、反射意义、搭配意义和主题意义。21.What is phonology? And what is a phoneme?（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the
36、point of departure. It is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds of human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound th
37、at can signal a difference in meaning. Phoneme simply refers to a “unit of explicit sound contrast“: the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.)解析：解析 本题考查的是音系学和音位的定义。音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统的选择语音的方法。音位是音系学研究的一个基本单位，是一组语音特征的抽象集合体，具有区别意义
38、的作用。22.How do you understand “discreteness“, a design feature of language?（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(Charles F. Hockett developed many influential ideas in American structuralist linguistics. He represents the post-Bloomfieldian phase of structuralism often referred to as “distributionalism“ or “taxonomic stru
39、cturalism“. According to his opinion on language discreteness, each basic unit of speech can be categorized and is distinct from other categories. In human language there are only a small set of sound ranges that are used and the differences between these bits of sound are absolute. In contrast, the
40、 waggle dance of honeybees is continuous.)解析：解析 本题考查语言的本质特征之离散性(discreteness)。Charles F. Hockett 提出了总结了语言的 13 个本质特征。语言的离散性指，在语言的全部基本单位(如音位，词素等)里，这些基本单位是可以划归某一范畴的，而这一范畴与其他的范畴之间的界限又是明晰的。23.How well, in your opinion, does the word “communication“ represent the function of human language?（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(Linguists talk about the functions of language in an abstract sense, that is, not in the terms of using language to chat, to think, to buy and sell, to read and write, to greet people, etc. Different linguists have different ways to emphasize on
