1、北京第二外国语学院英语语言学真题 2009 年及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_2.The sound p can be described with “ 1, bilabial, stop“.
2、（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_3.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_4.Both semantics and 1 investigate linguistic meaning, but they focus on different aspects.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_5.If certain linguis
3、tics tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is 1 linguistics.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_6.The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are not always allophones of the same phoneme.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_7.The last sound of “sit“ ca
4、n be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_8.The sound z is shared by “boys“ and “moves“ as a common morpheme.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_9.Speech act theory was proposed by Grice.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_1
5、0.Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_11.Analyze the sentence “The boy chased the dog.“ by means of IC.（分数：2.00）_12.Tell whether each of the underlined parts is endocentric or exocentric.a. He left because he was tired. b. the issue in question（分数：2.00）_13.Give the ph
6、onetic term according to the following description:the sound made with tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge.（分数：1.00）_14.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to CP:A: I know you are a famous musician. Could you define music please?B: Well, music is music. Thats it.（分数：2.00）_15.Tell
7、 the sense relation between a and b in each pair: 1) a. Johns car is secondhand. b. John has a car.2) a. Mary helped Jane. b. Jane was helped by Mary.（分数：2.00）_16.Classify the following pairs of antonyms. evenodd abovebelowpresentabsent arroganthumble（分数：2.00）_17.Point out the commonness shared by t
8、he two sounds d and n.（分数：2.00）_18.Explain the notion of “root“ used in morphology.（分数：2.00）_19.How do you understand the distinction between langue and parole introduced by Saussure?（分数：5.00）_20.How are the vowels described usually?（分数：5.00）_21.How do you understand performative function of languag
9、e?（分数：5.00）_22.What is syntax?（分数：5.00）_23.How do you understand arbitrariness?（分数：5.00）_北京第二外国语学院英语语言学真题 2009 年答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This qualit
10、y is labeled as（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：displacement）解析：解析 本题主要是考查的是语言的区别性特征。语言的区别性特征包括 arbitrariness，duality, displacement, creativity 和 cultural transmission。其中 displacement(移位性)指的就是题目中所讲的情况。2.The sound p can be described with “ 1, bilabial, stop“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：voiceless）解析：解析 本题考查的是对辅音的语音描
11、述问题。对于辅音的分类，我们可以按照两类标准来进行划分，即发音方式和发音部位。在对辅音进行描述时，我们要结合这两种分类标准来进行描述，指出辅音的具体语音特征。根据这一点，我们可以知道p是一个 voiceless，bilabial stop。3.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：allophones）解析：解析
12、 本题考查的是 allophone(音位变体)的定义问题，属于识记范畴。4.Both semantics and 1 investigate linguistic meaning, but they focus on different aspects.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：pragmatics）解析：解析 本题考查的是对 semantics(语义学)和 pragmatics(语用学)的区别问题。语义学和语用学虽然都研究的是语言的意义问题，但各有侧重，前者侧重从语言本身来研究意义，而后者则强调利用语言外因素对意义进行研究。5.If certain linguistics
13、 tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is 1 linguistics.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：prescriptive）解析：解析 本题考查的是对什么是规定性语言学(prescriptive linguistics)的理解。规定性语言学就是人为地给语言的使用规定一些规则让语言使用者遵守。与规定性语言学相对应的是描述性语言学(descriptive linguistics)，即按照语言的
14、真实使用情况对语言进行描述和研究，从而发现语言使用的规律。6.The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are not always allophones of the same phoneme.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：True）解析：解析 本题主要考查的是对 allophone 和 complimentary distribution 的理解，只要弄清楚了两者的定义，判断起来也就不会有问题了。7.The last sound of “sit“ can be articulated as an un
15、released or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：True）解析：解析 本题主要考查的是什么叫 complimentary distribution(互补分布)。所谓互补分布是指音位变体之间的关系，同一个音位的不同变体在语音组合中(environment or context)永远不会出现在相同的位置上，它们没有区别意义的作用。8.The sound z is sha
16、red by “boys“ and “moves“ as a common morpheme.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：False）解析：解析 本题主要考查 phone 和 morpheme 之间的区别。A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language，即“词素是语言中最小的语义单位”。而 phone(音素)指的是“the speech sounds we use when speaking a language”。因此，本句话正确的说法应当是 The sound Z is shared by “boys” and
17、 “moves” as a common phone9.Speech act theory was proposed by Grice.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：False）解析：解析 本题主要考查考生对一些重要理论的识记问题。Speech Act Theory 是由英国著名语言学家 John Austin 提出来的，并非 Grice。Grice 提出的是合作原则(Cooperative Principle)等。10.Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：True
18、）解析：解析 本题考查的是 phonology 和 phonetics 定义及其区别。语音学是语言学的一个分支，是研究人类语言声音的学科，主要研究语言的发音机制，语音特性和在言谈中的变化规律。音位学则研究的是某一具体语言的发音问题。所以，本题的表述是正确的。11.Analyze the sentence “The boy chased the dog.“ by means of IC.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(The | boy | chased | the | dog)解析：解析 本题主要考查对 IC(直接成分分析法)的理解和应用。直接成分分析法是对句法结构组合形式层次性的分析，把句子
19、的各个部分不断地一分为二，直到不能再切为止，也叫层次分析法或二分法。12.Tell whether each of the underlined parts is endocentric or exocentric.a. He left because he was tired. b. the issue in question（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(aexocentric bexocentric)解析：解析 本题主要考查的是什么是离心结构(exocentric construction)和向心结构(endocentric construction)。一般来说，句法结构主要有两类，即离
20、心结构和向心结构，主要看各成分的分布和各成分之间的关系。如果一个结构的成分分布在功能上等同于构成这一结构的其中一个或多个成分，也就是这个结构的词头或中心，那么这个结构就是向心结构。而离心结构与向心结构恰恰相反，这种结构在功能上不能等同于任何一个构成成分。因此，从离心结构和向心结构的定义来看，a 和 b 都属于离心结构。13.Give the phonetic term according to the following description:the sound made with tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge.（分数：1.00）
21、_正确答案：(postalveolar)解析：解析 本题考查的是对 postalveolar 的定义，只要熟悉辅音的分类，就不会出现问题。14.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to CP:A: I know you are a famous musician. Could you define music please?B: Well, music is music. Thats it.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle, name
22、ly Quantity Maxim, Quality Maxim, Relation Maxim, and Manner MaximObviously, Bs answer is too short and ambiguous, which means that it has violated the maxim of quantity and the maxim of manner)解析：解析 本题主要考查对 CP(合作原则)的理解和应用，回答问题时最好要把合作原则包括哪几个准则说清楚，再结合题目进行分析，这样才会有理有据。15.Tell the sense relation between
23、 a and b in each pair: 1) a. Johns car is secondhand. b. John has a car.2) a. Mary helped Jane. b. Jane was helped by Mary.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(1)a presupposes b2)a and b are synonymous to each other)解析：解析 本题主要考查的是句子之间的语义关系。句子之间的语义关系通常有四种，即同义、反义、预设和包含。判断两个句子之间的关系是否为预设关系可以采取三个步骤：一、如果句子 P 是真实的，则句子 Q 也是真实的；
24、二、如果 P 是不真实的，则 Q 仍然是真实的；三、如果 Q 是真实的，则 P 既可能是真实的，也可能是不真实的。如果两个句子存在这种关系，则句子 P 和 Q 之间存在预设关系。因此，本题 1)中的 a 和 b 是预设关系。2)中 a 与 b 显然是同义关系。16.Classify the following pairs of antonyms. evenodd abovebelowpresentabsent arroganthumble（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(evenodd(complementary antonyms); abovebelow(converse antonyms);
25、 presentabsent (complementary antonyms); arroganthumble(gradable antonyms)解析：解析 本题主要考查的是反义关系的分类。反义关系主要有三种类型：gradable antonyms(等级反义词)，complementary antonyms(互补反义词)和 converse antonyms (relational opposites)(反向反义词，也叫“关系反义词”)。17.Point out the commonness shared by the two sounds d and n.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(B
26、oth sounds are voiced and alveolar consonants)解析：解析 本题考查的仍然是辅音的分类和描述。其中d是一个 voiced alveolar stop 而n是一个voiced alveolar nasal，因此，它们的共同点就是 voiced 和 alveolar。18.Explain the notion of “root“ used in morphology.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(Root is the base fonn of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroy
27、ing its meaningThat is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed)解析：解析 本题考查的是词根(root)的定义。19.How do you understand the distinction between langue and parole introduced by Saussure?（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(According to Saussure, langue refers to tim abstract linguistic s
28、ystem shared by all the members of a speech community，and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual useLangue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rulesLangue is abstract
29、; it is not the language people actually useParole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language eventsLangue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation)解析：解析 本题主要考查语言(langue)和言语(parole)之间的区别，这是 Saussur
30、e 的一个重要贡献，也是语言学中最基本的儿组区别之一。20.How are the vowels described usually?（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(The description of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements: 1)the height of tongue raising(high, mid, low)2)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back)3)the length or tenseness
31、 of the vowel(tense vs. lax or long vs. short)4)lip-rounding(rounded vs. unrounded)For example, we can describe the English vowels in the following way: high front tense unrounded vowelu high back lax rounded vowelmid central lax unrounded vowel)解析：解析 考查元音的语音描述，属识记范畴。元音的描述要满足四项基本要求，只要把该四项要求答出，即可得满分。
32、21.How do you understand performative function of language?（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and th
33、e cursing of enemiesThe performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasionsFor example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an(be safe every year)as a means of controlling the
34、invisible forces which the believers feel might affect their lives adversely)解析：解析 本题主要考查对语言功能中施事功能的理解。语言有四大主要功能，即信息功能、人际功能、施事功能和感情功能。22.What is syntax?（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the stud
35、y of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structuresEver since syntax came into being, it has long been the centre of grammatical study because sentence is the largest grammatical unit while syntax revolves around words, and more specifically it focuses on how words are arranged in a
36、sentence)解析：解析 本题考查考生对句法学的理解。23.How do you understand arbitrariness?（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(参考答案 Language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.On
37、the other hand, we should be aware that while language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. There are words in every language that imitate natural sounds, such as rumble, crash, cackle, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary.)解析：解析 本题考查语言的区别性特征之一“任意性”。回答问题时，一方面要强调语言的任意性，另一方面也要强调语言中也存在并不完全任意的语言现象。这样才能回答得全面、透彻。
