1、北京航空航天大学考博英语真题 2014 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)二、Text One(总题数：1，分数：7.50)A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individual
2、s based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is.
3、However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses. DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, no
4、t just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a
5、suspect. The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints migh
6、t occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Har
7、tl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate. In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that t
8、he methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a N
9、ational Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.（分数：7.50）(1).Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects _.（分数：1.50）A.would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigationsB.would have to submit evidence for their innocenceC
10、.could easily escape conviction of guiltD.could be convicted of guilt as well(2).DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when _.（分数：1.50）A.the methods used for blood-cell calculation are not accurateB.two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting patternC.a mat
11、ch is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individualsD.two different individuals leave two DNA samples(3).To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method _.（分数：1.50）A.is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come
12、from two individualsB.is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA patternC.is not based on adequate scientific theory of geneticsD.is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying(4).The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation sh
13、ows that _.（分数：1.50）A.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual membersB.enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples from the same person can matchC.enough data are yet
14、to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming from the same personD.additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person(5).National Academy of Scienc
15、es holds the stance that _.（分数：1.50）A.DNA testing should be systematizedB.only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testingC.the academy only is authorized to work out standards for testingD.the academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing三、Text Two(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Racket, din cla
16、mor, noise, whatever you want to call it, unwanted sound is America“s most widespread nuisance. But noise is more than just a nuisance. It constitutes a real and present danger to people“s health. Day and night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce serious physical and psychological stre
17、ss. No one is immune to this stress. Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it, the ear, in fact, never closes and the body still respondssometimes with extreme tension, as to a strange sound in the night. The annoyance we feel when faced with noise is the most common outward symptom of the s
18、tress building up inside us. Indeed, because irritability is so apparent, legislators have made public annoyance the basis of many noise abatement programs. The more subtle and more serious health hazards associated with stress caused by noise traditionally have been given much less attention. Never
19、theless, when we are annoyed or made irritable by noise, we should consider these symptoms fair warning that other thing may be happening to us, some of which may be damaging to our health. Of many health hazards to noise, hearing loss is the most clearly observable and measurable by health professi
20、onals. The other hazards are harder to pin down. For many of us, there may be a risk that exposure to the stress of noise increases susceptibility to disease and infection. The more susceptible among us may experience noise as a complicating factor in heart problems and other diseases. Noise that ca
21、uses annoyance and irritability in health persons may have serious consequences for these already ill in mind or body. Noise affects us throughout our lives. For example, there are indications of effects on the unborn child when mothers are exposed to industrial and environmental noise. During infan
22、cy and childhood, youngsters exposed to high noise levels may have trouble falling asleep and obtaining necessary amounts of rest. Why, then, is there not greater alarm about these dangers? Perhaps it is because the link between noise and many disabilities or diseases has not yet been conclusively d
23、emonstrated. Perhaps it is because we tend to dismiss annoyance as a price to pay for living in the modern world. It may also be because we still think of hearing loss as only an occupational hazard.（分数：7.50）(1).In Paragraph 1, the phrase “immune to“ is used to mean _.（分数：1.50）A.unaffected byB.hurt
24、byC.unlikely to be seen byD.unknown by(2).The author“s attitude toward noise would best be described as _.（分数：1.50）A.unrealisticB.traditionalC.concernedD.hysterical(3).Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?（分数：1.50）A.Noise is a major problem; most people recognize its impor
25、tanceB.Although noise can be annoying, it is not a major problemC.Noise is a major problem and has not yet been recognized as suchD.Noise is a major problem about which nothing can be done(4).The author condemns noise essentially because it _.（分数：1.50）A.is against the lawB.can make some people irrit
26、ableC.is a nuisanceD.is a danger to people“s health(5).The author would probably consider research about the effects noise has on people to be _.（分数：1.50）A.unimportantB.impossibleC.a waste of moneyD.essential四、Text Three(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child
27、at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first
28、 year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children ar
29、e still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so ea
30、sily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventual
31、ly turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes bowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, an
32、d at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man“s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear“. And even m
33、ore incredible is the young brain“s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mothe
34、r recognizes the signals in the child“s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child“s non-verbal signals is essential to th
35、e growth and development of language.（分数：7.50）(1).The purpose of Frederick I“s experiment was _.（分数：1.50）A.to prove that children are born with ability to speakB.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speakC.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teachin
36、g a child to speakD.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language(2).The reason that some Children are backward in speaking is most likely that _.（分数：1.50）A.they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB.they are exposed to too much language at onceC.their mothers respond inad
37、equately to their attempts to speakD.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them(3).What is particularly remarkable about a child is that _.（分数：1.50）A.he is born with the capacity to speakB.he has a brain more complex than an animal“sC.he can produce his own sentencesD.he owes his speech a
38、bility to good nursing(4).Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?（分数：1.50）A.The faculty of speech is inborn in manB.The child“s brain is highly selectiveC.Most children learn their language in definite stagesD.All the above(5).If a child starts to speak later than others, he will _
39、in future.（分数：1.50）A.have a high IQB.be less intelligentC.be insensitive to verbal signalsD.not necessarily be backward五、Text Four(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afte
40、rward when you say to this person “the world today“ or “life“ or “reality“ he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed (释放的) emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever. For me, this momen
41、tfour years in a moment in historywas the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteristics. Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. The other two eternal world leader
42、s are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because ther
43、e isn“t very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with “service men“. The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people who are always either leaving or on leave. People in America cry oft
44、en. Sixteen is the key and crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind you as a harmonious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world. When you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated
45、by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To waste anything in America is immoral. String and tinfoil are treasures. Newspapers are always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, and every few mon
46、ths the earth seems to lurch (突然倾斜) from its path when you see something in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside down on a meat hook.（分数：7.50）(1).Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph?（分数：
47、1.50）A.Reality is what you make of itB.Time is like a riverC.Emotions are powerfulD.Every person has a special moment(2).Why does the author still clearly remember the war?（分数：1.50）A.Franklin Delano Roosevelt was PresidentB.It was his personal reality and part of his lifeC.There was not much to buyD
48、.The war would never end(3).Which statement best describes the author“s feelings about the war?（分数：1.50）A.It was ever real for him, yet he was not actively involvedB.It was real for him because he was a soldier at that timeC.It was very unreal to himD.The war was very disruptive to the people at hom
49、e(4).Why does the author think that adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds?（分数：1.50）A.Adults would like to be youngB.Sixteen-year-olds do not waste thingsC.Sixteen-year-olds read newspapersD.They will be fighting soon for adults(5).Why does the author say that string and tinfoil are treasures?（分数：1.50）A.The war has made them scarceB.They are useful to sixteen-year-oldsC.He liked them when he was sixteenD.People are very wasteful1.Deserts, dry areas with _ no vegetation, cover more than one-third of the Earth“s land
