1、考博英语-203 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Americans usually consider themselves a friendly people. Their friendships, however, tend to be shorter and more casual than friendships among people from other cultures. It is not uncommon for Americ
2、ans to have only one close friend during their lifetime, and consider other “friends“ to be just social acquaintances. This attitude probably has something to do with American mobility and the fact that Americans do not like to be dependent on other people. They tend to “compartmentalize (划分) friend
3、ships, having “friends at work“, “friends on the softball team“, “family friends“, etc. Because the United States is a highly active society, full of movement and change, people always seem to be on the go. In this highly changed atmosphere, Americans can sometimes seem brusque (无礼的) or impatient. T
4、hey want to get to know you as quickly as possible and then move on to something else. Sometimes, early on, they will ask you questions that you may feel very personal. No insult is intended; the questions usually grow out of their genuine interest or curiosity, and their impatience to get to the he
5、art of the matter. And the same goes for you. If you do not understand certain American behavior or you want to know more about them, do not hesitate to ask them questions about themselves. Americans are usually eager to explain all about their country or anything “American“ in which you may be inte
6、rested. So much so in fact that you may become tired of listening. It doesn“t matter because Americans tend to be uncomfortable with silence during a conversation. They would rather talk about the weather or the latest sports scores, for example, than deal with silence. On the other hand, don“t expe
7、ct Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs, unless those subjects directly involve the United States. Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations, some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.（分数：20.00）(1).The general topic of the pas
8、sage is _.（分数：4.00）A.American cultureB.American societyC.Americans“ activitiesD.Americans“ personality(2).Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?（分数：4.00）A.Americans do not like to depend on other peopleB.Friendships among Americans tend to be casualC.Americans know a
9、 lot about international affairsD.Americans always seem to be on the go(3).The phrase “highly changed“ (Paragraph 2) most probably means _.（分数：4.00）A.extremely freeB.highly responsibleC.very cheerfulD.full of mobility and change(4).It can be inferred from the passage that _.（分数：4.00）A.Americans want
10、 to participate in all kinds of activitiesB.Americans“ character is affected by their social and geographical environmentC.Americans do not know how to deal with silenceD.curiosity is characteristic of Americans(5).According to the passage, Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world because _.（分
11、数：4.00）A.they are not interested in other countriesB.they are too proud of themselvesC.their country does not have many neighboring nationsD.they are too busy to learn about other countries三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Want a glimpse of the future of health care? Take a look at the way the various netw
12、orks of people involved in patient care are being connected to one another, and how this new connectivity is being exploited to deliver medicine to the patientno matter where he or she may be. Online doctors offering advice based on standardized symptoms are the most obvious example. Increasingly, h
13、owever, remote diagnosis (telemedicine) will be based on real physiological data from the actual patient. A group from the University of Kentucky has shown that by using an off-the-shelf PDA (personal data assistance) such as a Palm Pilot plus a mobile phone, it is perfectly feasible to transmit a p
14、atient“s vital signs over the telephone. With this kind of equipment in a firs aid kit (急救包), the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the past. Other medical technology groups are working on applying telemedicine to rural care. And at least one team wants to u
15、se telemedicine as a tool for disaster response-especially after earthquakes. Overall, the trend is towards providing global access to medical data and expertise. But there is one problem. Bandwidth is the limiting factor for transmitting complex medical images around the worldCT scans being one of
16、the biggest bandwidth consumers. Communications satellites may be able to cope with the short-term needs during disasters such as earthquakes, wars or famines. But medicine is looking towards both the second-generation Internet and third-generation mobile phones for the future of distributed medical
17、 intelligence. Doctors have met to discuss computer-based tools for medical diagnosis, training and telemedicine. With the falling price of broadband communications, the new technologies should usher in (迎来) an era when telemedicine and the sharing of medical information, expert opinion. and diagnos
18、is are common.（分数：20.00）(1).The basis of remote diagnosis will be _.（分数：4.00）A.standardized symptoms of a patientB.personal data assistanceC.transmitted complex medical imagesD.real physiological data from a patient(2).The sentence “the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well b
19、e a thing of the past“ means _.（分数：4.00）A.now people probably would not ask if there is a doctor in the houseB.patients used to cry and ask if there was a doctor in the houseC.in the past people often cried and asked if there was a doctor in the houseD.patients are now still asking if there is a doc
20、tor in the house(3).All the following statements are true EXCEPT that _.（分数：4.00）A.it is now feasible to transmit a patient“s vital signs over telephoneB.flood is not among the disasters mentioned in the passageC.the trend in applying telemedicine is toward providing global access to medical dataD.t
21、elemedicine is being used by many medical teams as a tool for disaster response(4).The word “problem“ in the fourth paragraph refers to the fact that _.（分数：4.00）A.there are not enough mobile phones for distributing medical intelligenceB.CT scans are one of the biggest bandwidth consumersC.bandwidth
22、is not adequate to transmit complex medical images around the worldD.communications satellites can only cope with the short-term needs during disasters(5).A proper title for the passage may be _.（分数：4.00）A.Improvement in CommunicationsB.The Online Doctor Is InC.Application of TelemedicineD.How to Ma
23、ke Remote Diagnosis四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from society“s present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close an
24、d too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homer“s epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals th
25、ey were to live their lives and organize their societies. Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great v
26、ariety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withd
27、raw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, “tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for“. There is widespread distress becau
28、se national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose. Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to
29、disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because our is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a
30、mytha vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a share
31、d idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessnessin short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.（分数：20.00）(1).In the e
32、yes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in _.（分数：4.00）A.the non-existence of consensus on the forms the society should takeB.the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social lifeC.the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversityD.the non-accepta
33、nce of a society based on individual diversity(2).The asocial personality of Americans may stem from _.（分数：4.00）A.the absence of a common religion and ancestryB.the multiracial constituents of the US societyC.the want of a shared myths they possess in lifeD.the counterbalance to narcissistic persona
34、lity(3).Homer“s epics are mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to _.（分数：4.00）A.exemplify the contributions made by ancient poetsB.illustrate the role of shared fantasies about societyC.show an ideal stage of eternal social progressD.make known myths of what a society ought to be(4).The author concludes
35、 that only shared myths can help Americans _.（分数：4.00）A.to bring about the uniformity of their cultureB.to regain their consensus about a common experienceC.to stay away from negative feelings in their lifeD.to counteract the effects of consensus about society(5).It can be inferred from Paragraph 2
36、that Christopher Lash is most probably _.（分数：4.00）A.a reform advocateB.a senior psychologistC.a reputed poetD.a social historian五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)During the cold war the world was divided into the First, Second and Third Worlds. Those divisions are no longer relevant. It is far more meaning
37、ful now to group countries not in terms of their political or economic systems or in terms of their level of economic development but rather in terms of their culture and civilization. What do we mean when we talk of a civilization? A civilization is a cultural entity. Villages, regions, ethnic grou
38、ps, nationalities, religious groups, all have distinct cultures at different levels of cultural heterogeneity. The culture of a village in southern Italy may be different from that of a village in northern Italy, but both will share in a common Italian culture that distinguishes them from German vil
39、lages. European communities, in turn, will share cultural features that distinguish them from Arab or Chinese communities. Arabs, Chinese and Westerners, however, are not part of any broader cultural entity. They constitutes civilization. A civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of peopl
40、e and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species. It is defined both by common objective elements, such as language, history, religion, customs, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people. People have levels
41、of identity: a resident of Rome may define himself with varying degrees of intensity as a Roman, an Italian, a Catholic, a European, or a Westerner. The civilization to which he belongs is the broadest level of identification with which he intensely identifies. People can and do redefine their ident
42、ities and, as a result, the composition and boundaries of civilizations change. Civilizations may involve a large number of people, as with China (“a civilization pretending to be a state, as Lucian Pye put it“), or a very small number of people, such as the Anglophone Caribbean. A civilization may
43、include several nation states, as is the case with Western, Latin American and Arab civilizations, or only one, as is the case with Japanese civilization. Civilizations obviously blend and overlap, and may include subcivilizations. Western civilization has two major variants, European and North Amer
44、ican, and Islam has its Arab, Turkic and Malay subdivisions. Civilizations are nonetheless meaningful entities, and while the lines between them are seldom sharp, they are real. Civilizations are dynamic; they rise and fall; they divide and merge. And, as any student of history knows, civilizations
45、disappear and are buried in the sands of time. Westerners tend to think of nation states as the principle actors in global affairs. They have been that, however, for only a few centuries. The broader reaches of human history have been the history of civilizations. In A Study of History, Arnold Toynb
46、ee identified 21 major civilizations; only six of them exist in the contemporary world. Civilization identity will be increasingly important in the future, and the world will be shaped in large measure by the interactions among seven or eight major civilizations. These include Western, Confucian, Ja
47、panese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American and possibly African civilization. The most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another.（分数：20.00）(1).According to the passage, what is a more meaningful way now to
48、 group countries as compared with the Cold War period?（分数：4.00）A.In terms of political systemsB.In terms of the level of economic developmentC.In terms of the culture onlyD.In terms of culture and civilization(2).The author states that a civilization is _.（分数：4.00）A.a cultural entityB.a custom pract
49、iced in a certain human communityC.not with any cultural heterogeneityD.not blending or overlapping with other civilizations(3).The word “heterogeneity“ (Line 3, Paragraph 2) could best be replaced by _.（分数：4.00）A.identityB.hierarchyC.diversityD.resemblance(4).According to this passage, how many subdivisions does the Islam Civilization have?（分数：4.00）A.NoneB.OneC.TwoD.Three(5).It can be inferred from the passage that the author of this passage _ the following statement: “Westerners tend to think of nation s
