1、考博英语-302 及答案解析(总分：86.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.Environmentalists_.that it will not be easy to persuade car drivers to use their vehicles less often.（分数：1.00）A.deliverB.deserveC.contrastD.concede2.History was being catalogued here, the missed opportunities, blunders, and ou
2、t right mistakes.（分数：1.00）A.attemptsB.insultsC.mistakesD.arguments3.At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retire ment itself had detrimental effects.（分数：1.00）A.damagingB.magnificentC.usefulD.relevant4.The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters.A. r
3、idiculed 3. entertained C. ignored D. drew（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.Walking is excellent for working_.tension.（分数：1.00）A.outB.awayC.downD.off6.Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler.（分数：1.00）A.carefulB.cleverC.ignorantD.economical7.The report_.poor safety standards for the
4、 accident.（分数：1.00）A.blamesB.chargesC.complainsD.accuses8.Thick with trees and sparse with homes, this tranquil area 50 miles north of Hous ton could be a slice of heaven.（分数：1.00）A.moltenB.sereneC.isolatedD.snobbish9.The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the populati
5、on caps in the decree.（分数：1.00）A.encounterB.stick toC.prepareD.anticipate10.Lately, the restaurant chain, which_.mainly to blue-collar diners, has been hurt by competition.（分数：1.00）A.catersB.fabricatesC.facilitatesD.flees11.Helplessly she blinked up at him, feeling a slow lethargy creep through her
6、whole body.（分数：1.00）A.provisionB.cylinderC.contradictionD.exhaustion12.The nation_.the death of its great war leader.（分数：1.00）A.protrudedB.lamentedC.rebukedD.racked13.The batteries can be recharged when they run_.（分数：1.00）A.overB.downC.outD.along14.Accommodations must be made for students with learn
7、ing disabilities.（分数：1.00）A.criminalB.pumpC.psychologyD.lodgings15.Widespread wage reductions were imposed during the recession of 1906-1909 and price inflation thereafter impeded the recovery of real wage levels.（分数：1.00）A.convolutedB.beliedC.encumberedD.stoked16.Any negative statements and accusat
8、ions should be made_.and forthrightly answered, preferably at the level on which they originate.（分数：1.00）A.promptlyB.thoroughlyC.punctuallyD.exactly17.The new school building is_.completion.（分数：1.00）A.nearly toB.close toC.almost atD.just about at18.Mondays earthquak_.windows and woke residents.（分数：1
9、.00）A.slammedB.prosecutedC.rattledD.pierced19.The attack was meticulously planned and executed.A. negligently I3. slovenly C. fussily D. discreetly（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.20.The rioters headed downtown,_.they attacked the city hall.（分数：1.00）A.sinceB.asC.whereuponD.yet二、Section Close(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Color is
10、 very important to most animals for it helps them to get along in the world. Color (21) to make an animal difficult for its enemies to (22) . Many animals match their (23) so well that as long as they do not move no one is (24) to see them. You probably have often “jumped“ a rabbit. If you (25) , yo
11、u know how the rab- bit sits perfectly still (26) you are just a few feet away. You (27) see the rabbit till it runs for its (28) matches very closely the place where it is (29) . Many times you may have walked past a rabbit (30) didnt run and you never knew it was there at all.One of the most usual
12、 color schemes that helps animals to keep (31) being seen, is a dark back and light underpants. If an animal is the same color all (32) , there is always a dark shadow along the animals belly (腹部). (33) an enemy couldnt see the animal he could see this dark shadow. The shadow makes the animal (34) o
13、ut to view. But if the belly is (35) than the rest of the animal, the shadow will not be noticed.（分数：15.00）A.helpsB.contributesC.triesD.managesA.watchB.seeC.catchD.killA.conditionsB.surroundingsC.enemiesD.bodiesA.enableB.hardlyC.likelyD.possibleA.do notB.had notC.didD.haveA.whereB.thereC.whileD.unti
14、lA.sometimesB.occasionallyC.seldomD.oftenA.surfaceB.coatC.shapeD.appearanceA.sittingB.matchingC.runningD.jumpingA.youB.thatC.itD.whichA.out ofB.onC.fromD.offA.aloneB.togetherC.overD.rightA.Even ifB.UnlessC.HoweverD.As long asA.standB.stretchC.pushD.bringA.thinnerB.darkerC.biggerD.lighter三、Section Re
15、ading Co(总题数：4，分数：20.00)1Scientists now tend to agree that the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70 decibels. Some of them are very concerned because normal daily life often exposes people to noise levels of about 70 decibels even inside their homes. Cities have always been nois
16、y, but noise is now spreading to areas that were quiet just a few years ago.Clearly, something must be done or noise will seriously and permanently maim the population. Fortunately, the knowledge and methods to control noise already exist. As a matter of fact, this is one instance where the knowledg
17、e of control methods exceeds the knowledge about the effects on human life and on the environment.There are two common means for control. The first is reducing noise at its source, and the second is changing the sound path by distance or by shielding.The second approach is being used more often toda
18、y as people become more aware of the danger of noise. New building codes require better sound insulation in homes and apart ments. More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy fac tories or airports from residential areas. Sound-absorbent materials and construction d
19、e signed to block sound paths are slowly coming into use in offices and homes. New highways are being built to redirect traffic noise up and away from nearby areas. Aircraft are increas ingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports.There are many examples of available noise contr
20、ol methods that are not being used. More flexible building codes would permit the use of quieter kinds of plumbing pipes. Sound-absorbing materials can reduce the noise of motors and engines. Power genera tors can be quieted with baffles, exhaust silencers, and sound absorbers. Truck tires can be ma
21、de with quieter treads. In many cases, the cost of building quieter machines is the same or only slightly higher than that of the current noisy ones. Even though the new equipment may cost more initially, it can prove more profitable in the long run. The new jumbo jets, for example, are quieter than
22、 the older ones, yet they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers.All of these methods are only partial measures as noisy levels continue to rise. Most specialists in the field agree that much of the solution must come from eliminating some of the noise at its source, therefore saving t
23、hrough prevention the large costs of hearing loss.（分数：5.00）(1).The noise level for possible bearing loss begins at about_.（分数：1.00）A.30 decibelsB.75 decibelsC.100 decibelsD.none of the above(2).Jet pilots are being advised to land_.（分数：1.00）A.on longer runwaysB.from nearby areasC.after darkD.with re
24、duced power(3).How many practical means for controlling noise does the author present?（分数：1.00）A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.(4).The reader can assume that airport of the future will_.（分数：1.00）A.have runways in a north-south patternB.be located in unpopulated areasC.be required to warn passengers of hi
25、gh noise levelsD.be located in nearby areas(5).Jumbo jets are mentioned as examples of_.（分数：1.00）A.efficient transportation with low levels of noiseB.vehicles that cause serious air pollutionC.scientific advances that do more harm than goodD.quieter and older vehicle2Every time a person eats somethi
26、ng he makes a nutritional decision. He accepts or re jects the food available to him at home for meals or snacks. Or he selects food for himself at many places in the community, such as supermarkets, drive-ins, restaurants, and food counters in drugstores. These selections make a difference in how a
27、n individual looks, how he feels, and how well he can work and play.When a good assortment of food in appropriate amounts is selected and eaten, the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to allow one to be as active as one needs and wants to be. When choice
28、s are less than desirable, the consequences are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both.Studies of diets of individuals in the United States show that food selection is a highly individual matter, even among young children. Furthermore, far too many individuals of all ages are making poor
29、 choices day after day and are either now living with the conse quences or will be in the future.Nutritionists and workers in allied professions have been concerned about helping peo ple learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of food combinations that can add up to a good diet.Most people believe
30、that they are well fed-that the choices they make are good ones. After all, they are not really sick, neither are they hungry. However, their nutrition is usually poor in one respect or another. Milk and milk products, such as cheeses, ice cream or milk, buttermilk, and yogurt, are often slighted. T
31、hen people may skip many fruits and vegetables, particularly those that are good sources of vitamins A and C. These include dark green leafy vegetables, deep yellow vegetables, and citrus fruits and vegeta bles, such as cabbage, tomatoes, and green peppers.Every American has the right to choose to b
32、e uniformed about nutrition as well as to be informed. If a person believes that she is well fed, attitudes, habits, and information cannot be forced upon her.There are life situations, however, that tend to cause all individuals to want to know how to make the best choices. For example, a young cou
33、ple is starting a family and must prepare food for young children.（分数：5.00）(1).Food preference in America is_.（分数：1.00）A.culturally orientedB.inheritedC.individualisticD.according to ages(2).Good amounts of vitamin A can be found in_.（分数：1.00）A.celeryB.bananaC.milkD.cabbage(3).According to the autho
34、r, nutritionists are concerned with_.（分数：1.00）A.improving the vitamin content of processed foodsB.restricting the manufacture of high cholesterol foodsC.informing the public about wholesome foodsD.helping people enjoy being uninformed about nutrition(4).Some people judge their nutrition by the_.（分数：
35、1.00）A.status of their healthB.grocery stores where they shopC.amount of protein in their dietsD.food they took(5).The author advocates_.（分数：1.00）A.requiring high school students to take courses on nutritionB.making information on nutrition available to the publicC.forcing food manufacturers to list
36、 ingredients on packagesD.people has the right to choose food3Almost since the beginning of mankind, governments have been recording the num bers of their populace. The first known census report took place in 3800 B. C. in Babylonia for the purpose of deciding who should pay taxes. As time went by,
37、governments found other, more creative uses for knowing their numbers. Egyptian King Ramses II used the census not only to determine who should pay taxes, but also to figure out how to divide land for farming and to decide who could provide manpower for various government pro jects. These new ideas
38、came about in the mid-1200s-B. C.William the Conqueror brought the concept of census taking to England in 1085. All landowners were required to name their holdings for the purpose of taxation. By the fif teenth century, Tudor kings found a new twist to the Egyptians use of the census. They too used
39、the population count as a means of getting ready manpower for important govern ment projects, namely, replenishing troops in the ongoing battles in western Europe.A rebellious tide swept over England, however, in the mid-1700s. A bill to authorize a regular census was defeated in Parliament on the g
40、rounds that it would give valuable in formation to Englands enemies. But the tide of rebellion soon turned, and in 1800 England established its first regular census.Meanwhile the United States had already had an ongoing census for ten years. It was authorized in the Constitution for the purpose of d
41、eciding how many members of Congress would be needed for a fair representation of the American people. The constitutional article also established that the census would be taken in 1790 and every ten years thereafter. And so it has.Since its beginning, the American census has gone through many chang
42、es. Today the census provides more than a count of the people who live here. It takes polls on transporta tion, economic planning, and agriculture. The census also provides data for most govern ment agency statistics, such as the unemployment rate.Counting costs have risen since 1790. The government
43、 spent about a penny per person to count post-Revolutionary Americans. Today the census costs 250 millionmore than a dollar per person. Thats a long way since 3800 B. C.（分数：5.00）(1).The first known census report took place in Babylonia in_.（分数：1.00）A.1085B.1200 BCC.3800 BCD.1790(2).The first census
44、was created for the sole purpose of_.（分数：1.00）A.counting available troopsB.dividing farmlandC.providing manpowerD.taxing the populace(3).The American census today costs the government approximately_.（分数：1.00）A. 0.01/personB. 0.10/personC.1.00/personD. 10.00/person(4).Parliament defeated a bill autho
45、rizing a regular census because it_.（分数：1.00）A.might give valuable news to EnglandB.would give Englands enemies cause for rebellionC.would be too expensiveD.might disclose information to Englands enemies(5).The author implies the American census is_.（分数：1.00）A.relatively inexpensive to conductB.impo
46、rtant to various government branchesC.an exact count of the citizenryD.fairly expensive before 17904It didnt happen overnight. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centu ries.Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes. Not only do o
47、ur eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no lon ger be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution.Todays air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of
48、 civiliza tion. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass produc tion. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesti
49、cide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment. Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences.Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollu tion on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluoride
