1、考博英语-491 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part I Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：7.50)One phase of the business cycle is the expansion phase. This phase is a two-fold one, including recovery and prosperity. During the recovery period there is ever-growing expansion of existing facilitie
2、s, and new facilities for production are created. More businesses are created and older ones expanded. Improvements of various kinds are made. There is an ever increasing optimism about the future of economic growth. Much capital is invested in machinery or “heavy“ industry. More labor is employed.
3、More raw materials are required. As one part of the economy develops, other parts are affected. For example, a great expansion in automobiles results in an expansion of the steel, glass, and rubber industries. Roads are required. Thus the cement and machinery industries are stimulated. Demand for la
4、bor and materials results in greater prosperity for workers and suppliers of raw materials, including farmers. This increases purchasing power and the volume of goods bought and sold. Thus prosperity is diffused among the various segments of the population. This prosperity period may continue to ris
5、e and rise without an apparent end. However, a time comes when this phase reaches a peak and stops spiraling upwards. This is the end of the expansion phase.（分数：7.50）(1).We may assume that in the next paragraph the writer will discuss _.（分数：1.50）A.cyclical industriesB.the status of the farmerC.the h
6、igher cost of livingD.the recession period(2).The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _.（分数：1.50）A.The Business CycleB.The Recovery StageC.An Expanding SocietyD.The Period of Good Times(3).Prosperity in one industry _.（分数：1.50）A.reflects itself in many other industriesB.
7、will spiral upwardsC.will affect the steel industryD.will end abruptly(4).Which of the following industries will probably be a good indicator of a period of expansion?（分数：1.50）A.ToysB.Machine toolsC.FoodstuffsD.Cosmetics(5).During the period of prosperity, people regard the future _.（分数：1.50）A.cauti
8、ouslyB.in a confident mannerC.opportunelyD.indifferently三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Yeats was beginning to use a vocabulary freshly minted from the treasury of Gaelic literature, and many of the shorter poems in The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics (1892) deal with a mythology Ireland
9、had well nigh forgotten and England never known. For Arthur and his Round Table Yeats substituted the very different Conchubar and his Red Branch Warriors, and Finn and his Fenians. The Red Branch cycle of legends included Fergus, whom Ness had tricked out of his kingdom so that her son Conchubar co
10、uld rule over Ulster in his stead, and in Fergus and the Druid Yeats makes him avid for dreaming wisdom. Fergus was the unwitting agent of the doom of the Sons of Usna, Naoise the lover of Deirdre and his brothers Ardan and Ainle, who had accompanied the lovers to Scotland when they fled from Conchu
11、bars wrath, for Deirdre was Conchubars intended bride. Fergus had persuaded them to return against the wishes of Deirdre and had been tricked out of acting as their safe conduct. He joined with Maeve, Queen of Connaught, after this, in her raid on Ulster, in which Cuehulain achieved his great fame a
12、s Ulsters champion. Cuehulain is the Achilles of the Irish Saga, and he appears throughout Yeatss plays and poems, as warrior, as husband of Emer, as lover of Eithne Inguba, and of Aoife, as the unknowing killer of his own son and finally as victim of the sea.（分数：7.50）(1).Yeats differed from other p
13、oets in that he used _.（分数：1.50）A.Greek mythologyB.the Arthurian legendC.Gaelic allusionsD.the story of Fergus and Conchubar(2).Fergus _.（分数：1.50）A.was deposed by CuchulainB.was king of UlsterC.had unwittingly slain UsnaD.married the Queen of Connaught(3).Naoise earned the wrath of Conchubar because
14、 he _.（分数：1.50）A.had fled to ScotlandB.was the son of UsnaC.loved DeirdreD.had Befriended Fergus(4).Cuchulain is called the “Achilles of the Irish Saga“ because _.（分数：1.50）A.he is the great warrior of the sagaB.like Achilles, he was vulnerable and died of an ankle woundC.Achilles dominated the Odyss
15、eyD.he appears in many of Yeats plays and poems(5).Ness was _.（分数：1.50）A.the brother of ArdanB.the mother of ConchubarC.the killer of his sonD.a victim of the sea四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：7.50)The beginning of what was to become the United States was characterized by inconsistencies in the values and beh
16、avior of its population, inconsistencies that were reflected by population, inconsistencies that were reflected by its spokesmen, who took conflicting stances in many areas, but on the subject of race, the conflicts were particularly vivid. The idea that the Caucasian race and European civilization
17、were superior was well entrenched in the culture of the colonists at the very time that the “egalitarian“ republic was founded. Voluminous historical evidence indicates that, in the mind of the average colonist, the African was a heathen, he was black, and he was different in crucial philosophical w
18、ays. As time progressed, he was also increasingly captive, adding to the conception of deviance. The African, therefore, could be justifiaby (and even philanthropically) treated as property according to the reasoning of slavetraders and slaveholders.Although slaves were treated as objects, bountiful
19、 evidence suggests that they did not view themselves similarly. There are many published autobiographies of slaves. African- American scholars are beginning to know enough about West African culture to appreciate the existential climate in which the early captives were raised and which therefore cou
20、ld not be totally destroyed by the enslavement experience. This was a climate that defined individuality in collective terms. Individuals were members of a tribe, within which they had prescribed roles determined by the history of their family within the tribe. Individuals were inherently a part of
21、the natural elements on which they depended, and they were actively related to those tribal members who once lived and to those not yet born.The colonial plantation system which was established and into which Africans were thrust did virtually eliminate tribal affiliations. Individuals were separate
22、d from kin. Interrelation- ships among kin kept together were often transient because of sales. A new identification with those slaves working and living together in a given place could satisfy what was undoubtedly a natural tendency to be a member of a group. New family units became the most import
23、ant attachments of individual slaves. Thus, as the system of slavery was gradually institutionalized, West African affiliation tendencies adapted to it.This exceedingly complex dual influence is still reflected in black community life, and the double consciousness of black Americans is the major cha
24、racteristic of African-American mentality. Du Bois articulated this divided consciousness as follows:The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife-this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. In this merging, he wishes neithe
25、r of the older selves to be best.Several black political movements have looked upon this duality as destructively conflictual and have variously urged its reconciliation. Thus, the integrationists and the black nationalists, to be crudely general, have both been concerned with resolving the conflict
26、, but in opposite directions.（分数：7.50）(1).Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?（分数：1.50）A.The History of Black People in the United States.B.West African Tribal Relations.C.The Origin of Modern African-American Consciousness.D.Slavery: A Democratic Anomaly.(2).W
27、hich of the following can be inferred about the viewpoint expressed in the second paragraph of the passage?（分数：1.50）A.It is a reinterpretation of slave life based on new research done by African-American scholars.B.It is based entirely on recently published descriptions of slave life written by slav
28、es themselves.C.It is biased and overly sympathetic to the views of white, colonial slaveholders.D.It is highly speculative and supported by little actual historical evidenc(3).The author puts the word “egalitarian“ in quotation marks (in paragraph 1) to _.（分数：1.50）A.emphasize his admiration for the
29、 early AmericansB.ridicule the idea of democracyC.remind the reader of the principles of the new nationD.underscore the fact that equality did not extend to everyone(4).The tone of the passage could best be described as _.（分数：1.50）A.informed and anecdotalB.critical and argumentativeC.impassioned and
30、 angryD.analytical and objective(5).It can be inferred that which of the following pairs are the two elements of the “dual influence“ mentioned at the beginning of the last paragraph?（分数：1.50）A.Slavery and West African culture.B.Tribal affiliations in West Africa and family affiliations in West Afri
31、ca.C.A sense of individuality and a sense of tribal identification.D.The history of West Africa and modern black political movements.五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：7.50)In the summer of 999, Leif Erikson voyaged to Norway and spent the following winter with King Olaf Tryggvason. Substantially the same account
32、 is given by both the Saga of Eric the Red and the Flat Island Book. The latter says nothing about Leifs return voyage to Greenland, but according to the former it was during this return voyage that Leif discovered America. The Flat Island Book, however, tells of another and earlier landfall by Biar
33、ni, the son of a prominent man named Heriulf, and makes that the inspiration for the voyage to the new land by Leif. In brief, like Leif, Biarni and his companion sight three countries in succession before reaching Greenland, and to come upon each new land takes 1 “doegr“ more than the last until Bi
34、arni comes to land directly in front of his fathers house in the last- mentioned country.This narrative has been rejected by most later writers, and they may be justified. Possibly, Biarni was a companion of Leif when he voyaged from Norway to Greenland via America, or it may he that the entire tale
35、 is But a garbled account of that voyage and Biarni another name for Leif. It should be noted, however, that the stories of Leifs visit to King Olaf and Biarnis to that kings predecessor are in the same narrative in the Flat Island Book, so there is less likelihood of duplication than if they were f
36、rom different sources. Also, Biarni landed on none of the lands he passed, but Leif apparently landed on one, for he brought back specimens of wheat, vines, and timber. Nor is there any good reason to believe that the first land visited by Biarni was Wineland. The first land was “level and covered w
37、ith woods“, and “there were small hillocks upon it. Of forests, later writers do not emphasize them particularly in connection with Wineland, though they are often noted incidentally. And of hills, the Saga says of Wineland only that “wherever there was hilly ground, there were vines“.Additionally,
38、if the two narratives were taken from the same source we should expect a closer resemblance of Helluland. The Saga says of it: “They found there hellus (large flat stones).“ According to the Biarni narrative, however, “this land was high and mountainous.“ The intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 “doegr“ in b
39、oth narratives are suggestive, but mythic formulas of this kind may be introduced into narratives without altogether destroying their historicity. It is also held against the Biarni narrative that its hero is made to come upon the coast of Greenland exactly in front of his fathers home. But it shoul
40、d be recalled that Heriufsness lay below two high mountains which served as landmarks for navigators.I would give up Biarni more readily were it not that the story of Leifs voyage contained in the supposedly more reliable Saga is almost as amazing. But Leifs voyage across the entire width of the Nor
41、th Atlantic is said to be “probable“ because it is incorporated into the narrative of a preferred authority, while Biarnis is “improbable“ or even “impossible“ because the document containing it has been condemned.（分数：7.50）(1).The authors primary concern is to demonstrate that _.（分数：1.50）A.Leif Erik
42、son did not visit AmericaB.Biarni might have visited America before Leif EriksonC.Biarni did not visit WinelandD.Leif Erikson visited Wineland first(2).The author mentions the two high mountains in order to show that it is _.（分数：1.50）A.reasonable for Biarni to land precisely at iris fathers homeB.po
43、ssible to sail from Norway to Greenland without modern navigational equipmentC.likely that Biarni landed on America at least 100 years before Leif EriksonD.probable that Leif Erikson followed the same course as Biarni(3).All of the following are mentioned as similarities between Leif Eriksons voyage
44、 and Biarnis voyage EXCEPT _.（分数：1.50）A.both visited NorwayB.both returned to GreenlandC.both visited WinelandD.both visited Helluland(4).It can be inferred that the author regards the historicity of the Biarni narrative as _.（分数：1.50）A.conclusively provedB.almost conclusively provedC.possibly trueD
45、.highly unlikely(5).It can be concluded that _.（分数：1.50）A.documents in Saga may not be dependableB.condemned records should not be usedC.authorized narratives are to be favoredD.official files should be most preferred六、Part Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.The constitutional guarantee of free speech may
46、 have been aimed at protecting native speakers of English from censorship, but it is not a great _ to interpret it as protecting the right to express oneself in any natural language or dialect.（分数：0.50）A.mysteryB.extensionC.sacrificeD.condemnation2.Her lecture gave us a sense of how empty the univer
47、se is, in spite of _ number of stars within it.（分数：0.50）A.varyingB.enormousC.unusualD.limited3.The discoveries of science often are a mixed blessing. On the one hand they give us valuable pesticides that enable the farmer to grow more abundant crops and on the other hand they the benefits by destroy
48、ing the balance of nature.（分数：0.50）A.compromiseB.misplaceC.damageD.counterract4.Their air of cheerful self-sacrifice and endless complaisance won them undeserved praise, for their seeming gallantry was wholly motivated by a _ wish to avoid confict of any sort.（分数：0.50）A.poignantB.sincereC.laudableD.
49、cowardly5.Suspicious of too powerful a President, Americans nonetheless are _ when a President does not act decisively.（分数：0.50）A.unifiedB.indifferentC.contentD.uneasy6.The Neoplatonists conception of a deity, in which perfection was measured by abundant fecundity, was contradicted by that of the Aristotelians, in which perfection was displayed in the _ of creation.（分数：0.50）A.profusionB.precisionC.varietyD.economy7.The essence of belief is the establishment of _.
