1、考博英语-502 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.The Social Security Act did not include health insurance because the commission considered that its inclusion would jeopardize the passage of the act.（分数：1.00）A.evadeB.endangerC.excludeD.enhance2.Although diverse, African music
2、has certain distinctive traits, one of which is the use of repetition as an organizing principle.（分数：1.00）A.benefitsB.featuresC.notionsD.options3.Despite his _ as a trouble-maker, he was promoted to department manger.（分数：1.00）A.repetitionB.repressionC.reputationD.representation4.Ideally, anatomical
3、investigation consists of a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches. Present-day anatomy involves scrutiny of the structure of organisms at many levels of observation.（分数：1.00）A.analysisB.recognitionC.evaluationD.examination5.The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in
4、 a serious effort to curtail not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.（分数：1.00）A.avertB.denyC.excludeD.reduce6.To celebrate the national day, there was a _ fireworks display.（分数：1.00）A.specificB.spectacularC.speculativeD.specialistic7.Britain occupied Jav
5、a during the Napoleonic Wars. Both the British and later the Dutch tried to centralize and reform Javas administration. The Dutch wavered between opening the area to individual enterprise and reverting to a monopoly system.（分数：1.00）A.resolvedB.reckonedC.hesitatedD.discriminated8.The Second Hague Dis
6、armament Conference of 1907 was marked more by discord than discourse, a sign of the deteriorating world situation.（分数：1.00）A.facilitatingB.upgradingC.justifyingD.worsening9.The new law allows you to _ payment if you think a bill is incorrect.（分数：1.00）A.withholdB.withdrawC.witherD.withstand10.The ch
7、ief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the products local distributors.（分数：1.00）A.potentialB.responsiveC.inquisitiveD.perceptive11.A corps of so-called barefoot doctors are trained in hygiene, preven
8、tive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.（分数：1.00）A.nutritionB.sanitationC.nurseryD.welfare12.It was a real _ when Susan came back from her vacation and told us she had married a local waiter.（分数：1.00）A.comfortB.shockC.attackD.impact13.Not until the advent of histochemist
9、ry could the anatomist see through the microscope ceils which carry specific enzymes or gauge how active these enzymes are in different ceils under various conditions.（分数：1.00）A.discernB.graspC.measureD.estimate14.Admiral Cervera knew he was being ordered to certain destruction but felt compelled to
10、 obey. He chose the morning of July 3 for a gallant escape attempt.（分数：1.00）A.daringB.futileC.criticalD.fruitful15.The prevailing wind is the wind direction most often observed during a given time period. Wind speed is the rate at which the air moves past a stationary object.（分数：1.00）A.motionlessB.m
11、assiveC.flexibleD.noticeable16.During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews. Nonetheless, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups.（分数：1.00）A.opposedB.exploitedC.despisedD.annoyed17.Brazilian music is thoroughly imbued with African
12、 themes, and illustrious composers have long found inspiration in the black musical heritage.（分数：1.00）A.imaginativeB.sensitiveC.distinguishedD.persistent18.Australia began to assume its modern configuration by the Eocene Epoch, some 50 million years ago, when Antarctica broke away and drifted southw
13、ard.（分数：1.00）A.statusB.sphereC.shapeD.situation19.It was obvious that she and her husband were _ and she wished shed never married him.（分数：1.00）A.insolvableB.insensibleC.inseparableD.incompatible20.Education in Russia and the other new countries faces especially daunting obstacles because the strugg
14、ling economies of these nations often provide insufficient funds for education.（分数：1.00）A.stunningB.discouragingC.concerningD.prevailing二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：4.00)When, in the age of automation, man searches for a worker to do the tedious, unpleasant jobs that are
15、 impossible to mechanize, he may very profitably consider the ape.If we tackled the problem of breeding for brains with as much as enthusiasm as we devote to breeding dogs of surrealistic shapes, we could eventually produce assorted models of useful primates, ranging in size from the gorilla down to
16、 the baboon, each adapted to a special kind of work. It is not putting too much strain on the imagination to assume that geneticists could produce a super-ape, able to understand some scores of words, and capable of being trained for such jobs as picking fruit, cleaning up the litter in parks, shini
17、ng shoes, collecting garbage, doing household chores, and even baby-sitting (though I have known some babies I would not care to trust with a valuable ape).Apes could do many jobs, such as cleaning streets and the more repetitive types of agricultural work, without supervision, though they might nee
18、d protection from those exceptional specimens of Homo sapiens who think it amusing to tease or bully anything they consider lower on the evolutionary ladder. For other tasks, such as delivering papers and laboring on the docks, our man-ape would have to work under human overseers; and, incidentally,
19、 I would love to see the finale of the twenty-first century version of On the Waterfront in which the honest but hairy hero will drum on his chest after literally taking the wicked labor leader apart.Once a supply of nonhuman workers becomes available, a whole range of low IQ jobs could be thankfull
20、y relinquished by mankind, to its great mental and physical advantage. What is more, one of the problems which has plagued so many fictional Utopias would be avoided. There would be none of the degradingly subhuman Epsilons of Huxleys Brave New World to act as a permanent reproach to society, for th
21、ere is a profound moral difference between breeding sub-men and super-apes, though the end products are much the same. The first would introduce a form of slavery, the second would be a biological triumph which could benefit both men and animals.（分数：4.00）(1).In the authors opinion, the idea that gen
22、eticists could produce a super-ape is _.（分数：1.00）A.irrationalB.plausibleC.biologically impossibleD.demonstrably true(2).The type of job an ape could do without supervision would be one which is _.（分数：1.00）A.repetitiveB.mechanizedC.unusualD.intricate(3).A problem that has plagued some fictional Utopi
23、as is _.（分数：1.00）A.creation of super-apesB.the necessity of breeding super-humansC.the necessity of breeding subhumansD.the degradation of beasts(4).The author of this article is _.（分数：1.00）A.revealing his low opinion of mankindB.poking fun at geneticistsC.expressing his doubts about the possibility
24、 of breeding a super-apeD.presenting a reasonable theory in a humorous tone四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：4.00)As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relatio
25、nship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) l
26、ooking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area
27、 viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding vi
28、ewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed
29、to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first
30、 area will still be present and appear as an “afterimage“ superimposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the “local adaptation“ but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce “lateral adaptation.“ Also, because of the persi
31、stence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.（分数：4.00）(1).This selection is concerned primarily with _.（分数：1.00）A.the adaptation of the eye to
32、 colorB.the color of colorsC.the properties of colored surfacesD.the effect of changes in color intensity(2).Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different would depend mostly on _.（分数：1.00）A.the color mechanism of the eye in use at th
33、e time of each viewingB.what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewingsC.the properties of the surfaces viewedD.the individuals power of lateral adaptation(3).If a persons eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit
34、-such as a lawn or shrub in shadow-we can expect _.（分数：1.00）A.a time lag in the focusing ability of the eyeB.some inability to see colors of the latter-named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regainedC.the immediate loss of the “afterimage“ of the first objectD.adaptation in the central are
35、a of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new intensity level(4).The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of _.（分数：1.00）A.some experiments with color pigmentsB.the nature of colorC.the color properties of various surfacesD.the mechanism of the eyes
36、adaptation to color五、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：4.00)The Greeks lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some a
37、reas repressed it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement. Under
38、this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few-priests, nobles, and kings-concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their privileges they did achieve consid
39、erable progress in defense, in warmaking, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production. On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incent
40、ive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge aid experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achiev
41、ed.The whole ancient world was built upon this relationship-a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the gl
42、ory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow-products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively.For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasnt shod, and m
43、uch of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasnt modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century) to become a rudder
44、.With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it but the ingenuity wasnt forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center o
45、f the straw and reed thatched roof of his one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches.（分数：4.00）(1).Lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to th
46、e absence of _.（分数：1.00）A.natural resourcesB.inventive abilityC.peoples desire for the “better things of life“D.proper social organization(2).During the Middle Ages, productivity of labor _.（分数：1.00）A.was a primary concern of societyB.was hampered by class relationshipsC.began to improve over levels
47、 reached by the GreeksD.was in a period of technical progress(3).We may infer that a change in class relationships after the close of the Middle Ages produced greater productivity because _.（分数：1.00）A.freemen had incentive to produce moreB.masters had greater incentive to work their workers harderC.
48、slaves never starved, no matter what they producedD.productivity could go in only one direction(4).In supporting his contentions about the ancient world, the author relies mainly on illustrations drawn from _.（分数：1.00）A.examples of the separation of mechanics and geometryB.case studies of lack of so
49、cial communication between classesC.technologyD.his concern with the plight of the laboring classes.六、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：4.00)The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females. Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individua
