1、考博英语-507 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)二、Part A(总题数：3，分数：30.00)Question 1-5 are based on the following passages.The main idea of these business-school academics is appealing. In a word where companies must adapt to new technologies and source of competition, it is much harder than it used to be to offe
2、r good employees job security and an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder. Yet it is also more necessary than ever for employees to invest in better skills and sparkle with bright ideas. How can firms get the most out of people if they can no longer offer them protection and promotion? Many bos
3、ses would love to have an answer. Sumantrra Ghoshal of the London Business School and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business School think they have one: “Employability.“ If managers offer the right kinds of training and guidance, and change their attitude towards their underlings, they will be
4、 able to reassure their employees that they will always have the skills and experience to find a good job-even if it is with a different company. Unfortunately, they promise more than they deliver. Their thoughts on what an ideal organization should accomplish are hard to quarrel with: encourage peo
5、ple to be creative, make sure the gains from creativity are shared with the pains of the business that can make the most of them, keep the organization from getting stale and so forth. The real disappointment comes when they attempt to show how firms might actually create such an environment. At its
6、 nub is the notion that companies can attain their elusive goals by changing their implicit contract with individual workers, and treating them as a source of value rather than a cog in a machine. The authors offer a few inspiring example of companies-they include Motorola, 3M and ABB-that have mana
7、ged to go some way towards creating such organizations. But they offer little useful guidance on how to go about it, and leave the biggest questions unanswered. How do you continuously train people, without diverting them from their everyday job of making the business more profitable? How do you tra
8、in people to be successful elsewhere while still encouraging them to make big commitments to your own firm? How do you get your newly liberated employees to spend their time on ideas that create value, and not simply on those they enjoy? Most of their answers are platitudinous, and when they are not
9、 they are unconvincing.（分数：10.00）(1).We can infer from the passage that in the past an employee _.（分数：2.00）A.had job security and opportunity of promotionB.had to compete with each other to keep his jobC.had to undergo training all the timeD.had no difficulty climbing the corporate ladder(2).What do
10、es the writer of this passage think of the ideas of Ghoshal and Bartlett?（分数：2.00）A.Very instructive.B.Very inspiring.C.Hard to implement.D.Quite hars(3).In their work, Ghoshal and Bartlett discuss _.（分数：2.00）A.changes in business organizationsB.contracts between employers and employeesC.employment
11、situationD.management ideas(4).This passage seems to be a(n) _.（分数：2.00）A.book reviewB.advertisementC.news reportD.research paper(5).According to Chritopher Bartlett what will improve “employability“.?（分数：2.00）A.Ability to lay out ones talents to employers.B.Skills and knowledge accumulated from sch
12、ool education.C.Training opportunity and guidance offered by company.D.Being creative and ready to share collective wisdom.Question 6-10 are based on the following passages.To understand the failings of existing farm programs, its important to understand the roots of the current farm crisis. At the
13、heart of the problem is moneyhow much there is and how much it costs to borrow. A farmer is a debtor almost by definition. In my own state, its not unusual for a wheat farmer with 1,000 acres to owe several hundred thousand dollars for land and machinery. In addition to making payments on these loan
14、s, its common for such a farmer to borrow about $40, 000 each spring to cover fertilizer, diesel fuel, seed, and other operating expenses. The months before the harvest will be anxious ones as the farmer contemplates all the things that could bring: financial hardship, bad weather, crop disease, ins
15、ects, falling commodity prices. If he has a good year, the farmer can repay his loans and retain some profit; in a bad one, he can lose his whole farm. Money thus becomes one of the farmers biggest expenses. Most consumers can find some refuge from high interest rates by postponing large purchases l
16、ike houses or cars. Farmers have no choice. In 1989, for example, farmers paid $12 billion in interest costs while earning $32 billion; last year they paid $22 billion in interest costs, while earning only $ 20 billion. In a business in which profit margins are small, $4,000 more in interest can mea
17、n the difference between profit and loss. Since 1985, 100,000 family farms have disappeared, and while interest rates have fallen recently, they still imperil the nations farmers. This is why the most basic part of our nations farm policy is its money and credit policy-which is set by Paul Voicker a
18、nd the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Boards responsibility for nearly ruining our economy is well-known. Whats often overlooked is how the boards policies have taken an especially devastating toil on farmers. While high interest rates have increased farm expenses, theyve also undermined
19、 the export market farmers have traditionally relied on. High interest rates, by stalling our economic engines, have been a drag on the entire worlds economy. Developing and third world nations have been particularly hard hit. Struggling just to meet interest payments on their loans from multination
20、al banks, they have had little cash left over to buy our farm products. Even those countries that could still afford our farm products abandoned us for other producers. Our interest rates were so high that they attracted multinational bankers, corporations, and others who speculate on currencies of
21、different countries. These speculators were willing to pay more for dollars in terms of pesos, yen, or marks because those rates guaranteed them such a substantial return.（分数：10.00）(1).This passage is intended to _.（分数：2.00）A.suggest effective means to deal with money crisisB.satire the existing far
22、m programsC.argue against the current interest rates policyD.advocate a modest attitude towards farmers(2).The author believes that _.（分数：2.00）A.high interest rates have an immediate effect on the farming industryB.the Federal Reserve Boards policies will stimulate the export marketC.reduction of co
23、sts is a sure way to gain long-term profitability to the farmersD.radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity(3).Nowadays, developing and third world nations rarely buy American farm products mainly because _.（分数：2.00）A.they rely on their domestic markets and are self-sufficient o
24、n the wholeB.there are small profit margins in the businessC.farm products offered by other producers are of higher qualityD.they have financial difficulty(4).Multinational bankers and corporations were willing to pay more for dollars in terms of pesos and other currencies in the hope of _.（分数：2.00）
25、A.gaining a large profitB.helping those poor nationsC.decreasing interest ratesD.overcoming financial hardships(5).By “A farmer is a debtor almost by definition.“ is meant that _.（分数：2.00）A.a “farmer“ originally means a “debtor“B.farmers have more to buy than workers or whatsoeverC.farmers have no c
26、hoice but to pay high interest ratesD.farmers are vulnerable to natural disastersQuestions 11-15 are based on the following passage. Among the many ways in which people communicate through speech, public speaking has probably received more study and attracted more attention than any other. Politicia
27、ns campaigning for public office, salespeople presenting products, and preachers delivering sermons all depend upon this form of public communication. Even people who do not make speaking a part of their daily work are often asked to make public speeches: students at graduation, for instance, or mem
28、bers of churches, clubs, or other organizations. Nearly everyone speaks in public at some time or other, and those who perform the task well often become leaders. There are many reasons for speaking in public. A public speaker may hope to teach an audience about new ideas, for example, or provide in
29、formation about some topic. Creating a good feeling or entertaining an audience may be another purpose. Public speakers, however, most often seek to persuade an audience to adopt new opinions, to take certain actions, or to see the world in a new way. Public speakers usually know well in advance whe
30、n they are scheduled to make an address. Consequently, they are able to prepare their message before they deliver it. Sometimes, though, speakers must deliver the message unprepared, or off the cuff, such as when they are asked to offer a toast at a wedding reception or to participate in a televised
31、 debate or interview. When they do not have to speak unprepared, most speakers write their own speeches. Politicians and business executives sometimes employ professional writers who prepare their speeches for them. These professional writers may work alone or in small teams. Although the speaker ma
32、y have some input into the contents of the speech, the writers sometimes have a great influence over the opinions expressed by their employers. Regardless of how a speech is prepared, the person who delivers it is given credit for its effect upon its hearers.（分数：10.00）(1).Public speaking is well kno
33、wn to the average people because _.（分数：2.00）A.most of them have been trained as public speakersB.such activities are prevalent in the societyC.most of them have to do it when they study at collegeD.the passage does not mention the reason(2).Which of the following is rarely the purpose of public spea
34、king?（分数：2.00）A.To influence peoples ideas and behavior.B.To enjoy the satisfaction from ones own speech.C.To persuade the audience to accept an idea.D.To promote public interest.(3).In Paragraph 3, the expression “deliver the message off the cuff“ means _.（分数：2.00）A.speak at a large receptionB.spea
35、k on televisionC.speak according to the scheduleD.speak without preparation(4).Often the speech prepared by a professional writer for a boss _.（分数：2.00）A.is very professional and tactfulB.expresses the writers idea of the matterC.expresses the boss idea of the matterD.expresses the ideas of both(5).
36、No matter who writes a speech, the audience _.（分数：2.00）A.believe it expressed the speakers ideaB.know very well who the speaker isC.know whose idea the speech really expressesD.do not believe what the speaker says三、Part B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)I have never seen Mrs. Clark before, but I know from her medica
37、l chart and the report I received from the preceding shift that tonight she will die. The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medical equipment, which is flashing its red light as if is warning. As I stand there, the smell hits my nose, and I close my eyes as I remember the smell of dec
38、ay from past experience. In my mouth I have a sour, vinegar taste coming from the pit of my stomach. I reach for the light switch, and as it silently lights the scene, I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional, medical eye. Mrs. Clark is dying. She lies motionless: the head seem
39、s unusually large on a skeleton body; the skin is dark yellow and hangs loosely around exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide; the right arm lies straight out at the side, taped cruelly to a board to secure a needle so that fluid may drip in; the left arm is across the sunken chest, whic
40、h rises and falls with the uneven breath. I reached for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest. They are ice cold, and I quickly move to the wrist and feel for the faint pulse. Mrs. Clarks eyes open somewhat as her head turns towards me slightly. I bend close to her and scarcely heat as
41、she whispers, “Water.“ Taking a glass of water from the table, I put my finger over the end of the straw and allow a few drops of the cool moisture to slide into her mouth and ease her thirst. She makes no attempt to swallow; there is just not enough strength. “More,“ the dry voice says, and we repe
42、at the procedure. This time she does manage to swallow some liquid and weakly says, “Thank you.“ She is too weak for conversation. So without asking, I go about providing for her needs. Picking her up in my arms like a child, I turn her on her side. Naked, except for a light hospital gown, she is so
43、 very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine. I remove the lid from a jar of skin cream and put some on the palm of my hands. Carefully, to avoid injuring her, I rub cream into the yellow skin, which rolls freely over the bones, feeling perfectly the outline of each bon
44、e in the back. Placing a pillow between her legs, I notice that these too are ice cold, and not until I run my hands up over her knees do I feel any of the life-giving warmth of blood. When I am finished, I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her and, taking her free hand between mine, again noti
45、ce the long, thin fingers, graceful. I wonder briefly if she has any family, and then I see that there are neither flowers, nor pictures of rainbows and butterflies drawn by children, nor cards. There is no hint in the room anywhere that this is a person who is loved. As though she is a mind reader,
46、 Mrs. Clark answers my thoughts and quietly tells me, “I sent, my family, home. tonight, didnt want, them, to see.“ Having spent her last ounce of strength she cannot go on, but I have understood what she has done. Not knowing what to say, I say nothing. Again she seems to sense my thoughts, “You. s
47、tay.“ Time seems to stand still. In the total silence, I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath. Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two human beings. Her long fingers curl easily aro
48、und my hands and I nod my head slowly, smiling. Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank you and her eyes slowly close. Some unknown interval of time passes before her eyes open again, only this time there is no response in them, just a blank stare. Without warning, her shallow breat
49、hing stops, and within a few moments, the faint pulse is also gone. One single tear flows from her left eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow. I begin to cry quietly. There is a swell of emotion within me for this stranger who so quickly came into rant went from my life. Her suffering is done, yet so is the life. Slowly, still holding her hand, I become aware that I do not mind this emotional battle that in fact, it was a privilege she has allowed me, and I would do it again, gladly. Mrs. Clark spar
