1、考博英语-519 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Structure knowledge as well as (46) capital brings profits and influence.There are many (47) with the thesis above, not the least of (48) is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence, but this d
2、oes not (49) the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the (50) of some new industries indicates. (51) , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have (52) many new firms and made some scientists quite rich. In (53) with criticism of the postindustrial society thes
3、is, however, it must also be (54) that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i. e., major corporations) soon (55) to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly (56) . Many new high-t
4、ech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service (57) . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the (58) of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illit
5、eracy in English language has been a severe (59) for many years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and (60) them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.（分数：20.00）A.quantitativeB.extensiveC.comprehensiveD.sophisticatedA.m
6、oreoverB.howeverC.thereforeD.neverthelessA.aggressionB.proficiencyC.productivityD.evolutionA.dominantB.impressiveC.magnificentD.significantA.sourceB.factorC.componentD.elementA.adequateB.profitableC.materialD.spiritualA.advantagesB.consequencesC.problemsD.potentialsA.themB.thoseC.whichD.that.A.denyB
7、.refuseC.admitD.acknowledgeA.emergenceB.innovationC.extinctionD.discoveryA.In additionB.For exampleC.Above allD.In shortA.producedB.createdC.improvedD.facilitatedA.lineB.needC.doubtD.matchA.idealizedB.recognizedC.supervisedD.summarizedA.stepped inB.settled downC.leaned overD.turned outA.accessibleB.
8、importantC.popularD.abundantA.enterprisesB.employmentC.professionsD.industriesA.controlB.masteryC.searchD.pursuitA.handicapB.penaltyC.inconvenienceD.shortcomingA.enforceB.punishC.confineD.condemn八、PART Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)九、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Let us assume, for the moment, that labor
9、is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures
10、the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter.
11、 In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is n
12、ot a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that. Unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor
13、will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be accepted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather
14、 than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor
15、to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Mor
16、eover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately
17、refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labo
18、r or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom far from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.（分数：6.00）(1).“Labor is not prepared m work for a lo
19、wer money-wage“. The sentence means _.（分数：1.00）A.a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB.a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC.the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD.the demand of labor is for reduction i
20、n the value of real wages(2).The classical school refers to _.（分数：1.00）A.those scholars with traditional ideasB.the traditional schoolC.the experts who hold to the standardD.all of the above(3).According to the author, the supply curve fop labor depends on the _.（分数：1.00）A.real money wagesB.movement
21、 of priceC.function of money-wagesD.both A and B(4).“Their“ method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realize that _.（分数：1.00）A.a fail in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of labor.B.a reduction in the existing level o
22、f money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the laborC.the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD.the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages(5).How does labor usually behave?（分数：1.00）A.Labor would stipulate for money-wages.B.Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wag
23、es.C.Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wagesD.Labor would stipulate for real wages.(6).The last paragraph of this passage indicates that _.（分数：1.00）A.labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.SB.labor dem
24、anded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U.SC.neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage characterize the depression of 1930s in the U.S.D.both A and B十、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：6.00)The law of private international tribunals with respect
25、 to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the types of interests, relatio
26、nships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international rules with additional features
27、. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their
28、counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. In as much as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrators favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future pro
29、vide employment.The uncertainty in the field is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill the same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view
30、 has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standards of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would be futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-p
31、arty-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise natio
32、nals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy.The slate is largely blank with respect to rules for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American ease law is astonishingly lax
33、, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both parties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines mig
34、ht he.（分数：6.00）(1).The best title for this passage is _.（分数：1.00）A.International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB.Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC.Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD.International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests(2).The expression “They may treat“ refers to _.（分数：1.00）A.arb
35、itrators and judgesB.national legal systemsC.experiencesD.disqualifying factors(3).Courts and agencies _.（分数：1.00）A.do not apply their regulations strictlyB.often consider arbitrators as judgesC.understand the general relationship between businesses and arbitratorsD.may be described by all of the ab
36、ove(4).A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen _.（分数：1.00）A.to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB.to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC.by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD.as a pawn of the appointers(5).A fo
37、reign enterprises contract is a bad idea _.（分数：1.00）A.in all casesB.when each partner picks an arbitratorC.when third paw arbitrators are involvedD.when a government agency is one side of-the contract(6).“Ex-parte communications“ refers to _.（分数：1.00）A.something that cannot be determined by the text
38、B.all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC.the requirement to set aside a decisionD.impartiality十一、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish, but d
39、ont bother, heres the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I fo
40、und the answer sitting in a toy store book rack, next to typical kids books like “Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is Disfunctional“. Its a teachers guide called “Happy To Be Me“, subtitled “Building Self-Esteem“. Self-esteem, as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American
41、schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it “whole language“ teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first s
42、tepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was “the subject“, be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that “near“, “fit“, “friendly“, “pleasing“, “like“ and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled whe
43、n I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation so consistent I eventually ceased to hear it as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects hav
44、e changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called “language skills“. Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called “communication“. Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice,
45、 and fifty per cent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a cour
46、se in “How to Win Friends and Influence People“. Consider the new attitude toward journal writing. I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided in diaries, searching their soul and honing their critical thi
47、nking on paper.“Happy To Be Me“ states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling
48、 good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use “great“ or “hopefully“ that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for “Unit“) was not to help students “f
49、eel good about themselves“, which is good because all that reviling didnt make me feel particularly good about anything.（分数：6.00）(1).In paragraph 2, “whole language“ teaching is in inverted commas because _.（分数：1.00）A.the writer is using direct speechB.the writer is questioning the education conceptC.the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD.the writer is quoting from another source(2).In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is _.（分数：1.00）A.essen
