1、考博英语-522 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage 1(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would _.（分数：2.00）A.write an initial letter giving their life historyB.pass some exams before applying for a jobC.h
2、ave no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD.keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview2.Later, as one went on to apply more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter_.（分数：2.00）A.something that would attract attention to one s applicationB.a perso
3、nal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC.something that would offend the person reading itD.a lie that one could easily get with telling3.The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns _.（分数：2.00）A.informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB.promises
4、useful advice to those looking for employmentC.divides available jobs into various typesD.informs employers that people are available for work4.Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because _.（分数：2.00）A.there is lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB.there are
5、so many top-level jobs availableC.there are so many people out of workD.the job history is considered to be a work of art5.The job history has become such an important document because _.（分数：2.00）A.there has been a decrease in the number of jobs advertisedB.there has been an increase in the number o
6、f “qualified“ job huntersC.jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD.the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicated四、Passage 2(总题数：5，分数：10.00)6.The ESRC would prefer _.（分数：2.00）A.that the students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as re
7、searchersB.to see higher standards of PhD students theses and more ambitious doctoral topicsC.more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperienced young PhD studentsD.that PhD students were less modest in their aims7.What the ESRC can do is to _.（分数：2
8、.00）A.force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB.try to persuade universities to change their waysC.dictate the standard of thesis required by external examinersD.note that students want more research training and less elaborate style of thesis8.All the following statements are the argu
9、ment against ESRC s policy except（分数：2.00）A.all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negativeB.there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topicsC.many of the best students go qui
10、ckly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their thesesD.some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance9.Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because the
11、completion rate of its PhD students theses within four years is lower than _.（分数：2.00）A.25%B.40%C.39%D.10%10.By the time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time _.（分数：2.00）A.most of them died of some sicknessB.their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC.mos
12、t of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD.most of their grants run out五、Passage 3(总题数：5，分数：10.00)11.Which has been done by World Health Organization in combating the bad effects of influenza?（分数：2.00）A.Supervising the assessment of influenza virus strains.B.Holding meetings twi
13、ce a year to provide the latest data concerning the composition of the vaccines.C.Publishing the related information in a WHO almanac.D.Stressing the importance of preventing influenza for people living in tropical areas of Asi12.That a different component part of the vaccine is necessary is princip
14、ally due to the variable change of _.（分数：2.00）A.virusB.strainC.antigenD.immunization13.According to the passage, high-risk persons exclude which of the following kinds of people?（分数：2.00）A.Children suffering from asthma.B.The elderly with chronic pulmonary diseases.C.Middle aged people with chronic
15、heart diseases.D.Nurses taking special care of the sick.14.This passage _.（分数：2.00）A.concerns the damaging effects of influenzaB.mentions the steps of fighting against the harmful effects of influenzaC.emphasizes the worry expressed by all age groupsD.both A and B15.In which of the following publica
16、tions would this passage most likely be printed?（分数：2.00）A.A surgery book.B.A psychology book.C.An epidemiologist book.D.An obstetrics book.六、Passage 4(总题数：5，分数：10.00)16.Bertrand Russells notion about electricity is _.（分数：2.00）A.disapproved of by most modern scientistsB.in agreement with Aristotles
17、theory of self-evident principlesC.in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how“ things happenD.in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why“ things happen17.Which of the following is the topic most likely to be discussed right after the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Tile
18、most recent definition of “explain“.B.The relationship between science and religion.C.The limitations of science.D.Galileo and the birth of modem scienc18.The aim of controlled scientific experiments is _.（分数：2.00）A.to explain why things happenB.to explain how things happenC.to describe self-evident
19、 principlesD.to support Aristotelian science19.The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea _.（分数：2.00）A.that there are mysterious forces in the universeB.that man can not discover what forces “really“ areC.that there are self-evident principlesD.that we can discover why t
20、hings behave as they do20.What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?（分数：2.00）A.The speculations of Thales.B.The forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravity.C.Aristotles natural science.D.Galileos discoveries.七、Passage 5(总题数：5，分数：10.00)21.What is the chief purpose of
21、 double majors?（分数：2.00）A.To help graduates of history major become successful businessmen.B.To provide liberal arts graduates with a method of meeting effectively the challenge in employment.C.To extend their knowledge learnt in the college.D.To moderate the tension between liberal arts and vocatio
22、nal faculties.22.The obstacles in course sequences in academic schooling are indicated in all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：2.00）A.the misguidance of major-selection in some of the institutions of higher learningB.the current curriculum couldnt keep up with the development of the societyC.the inharm
23、onious relation among the teaching facultiesD.the authorities of higher learning attach only little importance to course sequences23.It can be inferred from the passage that the blame for the present state of affairs lies in the fact that _.（分数：2.00）A.the course sequences themselves are unreliableB.
24、more and more students start to select science majorsC.almost none of the specialties the students major in might be salable in todays marketD.the opportunities of employment are scarce for graduates of non-science majors24.In paragraph 1, the sentence “You guys ought to be shot.“ shows that at hear
25、t the driver _.（分数：2.00）A.felt greatly regretted about the major he had chosenB.felt a deep hatred for all the English teachers in his former collegeC.complained that his teachers hadnt taught him how to survive in this competitive societyD.held a deep contempt in the author because of his scholasti
26、c manner25.This passage can best be titled as _.（分数：2.00）A.Harsh Economic FactB.Double Majors, a Way OutC.Careers, Schooling for BetterD.Market for Graduates八、Passage 6(总题数：5，分数：10.00)26.It can assumed that the paragraph preceding the passage most-probably discussed（分数：2.00）A.the development of the
27、baby in his mothers wombB.the well-developed taste buds of the babyC.the fact that the baby remains motionless just as what he performs in the first month of his mothers pregnancyD.the fact that the baby can start to use some of his senses by the last few weeks of pregnancy27.Which of the following
28、is NOT mentioned about the unborn baby in the passage.?（分数：2.00）A.An unborn baby can occasionally hear his fathers voice.B.DeCaspers approach proved absolutely effective in a French experiment.C.An unborn baby is able to identify the tone and rhythm of his native language.D.Parents are able to sooth
29、e a fussy newly-born baby.28.The author believes that the reaction of an unborn baby to his mother s voice（分数：2.00）A.belongs to one of the natural tendenciesB.is an indication which shows an unborn baby can use all his senses after birthC.is but a physiological circulation of any human beingD.is the
30、 most important factor which leads an unborn baby to the survival in the womb29.According to the author, an unborn baby _.（分数：2.00）A.is unable to identify his mother s lullaby after birthB.is able to identify his mother s voice rather than that of othersC.is able to help release adrenaline and other
31、 stress-related hormonesD.is able to distinguish French accent from Russian accent30.It is known from the passage that _.（分数：2.00）A.mother s stress, anger, shock or grief might not hurt the unborn baby in the wombB.an unborn baby s cry might never be heard because of the particular condition of the
32、wombC.lullabies are the most precious means to young parentsD.an unborn baby has to move at intervals in the womb九、Part Translation(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十、Part A Translation(总题数：2，分数：10.00)31. 1Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the re- sources of nature to
33、 the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination.“ The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, espe
34、cially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, ma- chine tools, and machine parts.Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scienti
35、st is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extension
36、s into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.（分数：5.00）_32.2Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or inhabitants of the British Isles, it is to a certain extent the case t
37、hat literature-and this is particularly true of the literature written in English-knows no frontiers. Thus, English literature can be regarded as a cultural whole of which the mainstream literatures of the Unit- ed States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada and important elements in the literatures
38、of other commonwealth countries are parts. It can be argued that no single English novel attains the universality of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoys War and Peace. Yet in the Middle Ages the Old English literature was influenced and gradually changed by the Latin and French writings, eminently forei
39、gn in origin, in which the churchmen and the Norman (诺曼) conquerors expressed themselves. From this combination emerged a flexible and subtle linguistic instrument exploited by Geoffrey Chaucer (乔叟) and brought to supreme application by William Shakespeare.（分数：5.00）_十一、Part B Translation(总题数：1，分数：5.
40、00)33.从 20世纪中叶起，各国政府对科学技术的重视引起了各级教育机构的响应，理论科学和应用科学的巨大进步也激起了人们学习自然科学的兴趣，科学技术因此而有了飞速的发展。但与此同时，人们忽视了对人文科学和社会科学的学习，公民对道德观念和社会准则在生活中的意义缺乏认识。这在一定程度上导致了以下后果：地方、民族和国际间的暴力冲突层出不穷，环境污染日益严重，这些都给人类生活带来了危险。因此，在教育中应纠正重理轻文的倾向，在生活中恢复人文主义的价值，以求物质文明和精神文明的平衡发展。（分数：5.00）_十二、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：25.00)34.Developments in
41、 19th-eentury Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades: World War I began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19thc
42、entury. In between these boundaries-the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head-much of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the
43、 spread of science, ran through the entire continent. European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continent wide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their iden
44、tities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before. Finally, The European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development. Changes such as the Industrial Revolution _and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe-Bri
45、tain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developmen
46、ts must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19thcentury. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to d
47、ivide 19th-century history into relatively small chunks. Thus 1789 - 1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815 - 1848 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848 -1871 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the Ger- man and Italian nations; and 1871 -
48、1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war. Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful. Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation
