1、考博英语-532 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：30.00)The antigen-antibody immunological reaction used to be regarded as typical of immunological responses. Antibodies are proteins synthesized by specialized cells called plasma cells, which are funned by lymphocytes (cells from the
2、 lymph system when an antigen, a substance foreign to the organisms body, comes in contact with lymphocytes. Two important manifestations of antigen- antibody immunity are lysis, the rapid physical rupture of antigenic cells and the liberation of their contents into the surrounding medium, and phago
3、cytosis, a process in which antigenic particles are engulfed by and very often digested by macrophages and polymorphs. The process of lysis is executed by a complex and unstable blood constituent known as complement, which will not work unless it is activated by a specific antibody; the process of p
4、bagocytosis is greatly facilitated when the particles to be engulfed are coated by a specific antibody directed against them.The reluctance to abandon this hypothesis, however well it explains specific processes, impeded new research, and for many years antigens and antibodies dominated the thoughts
5、 of immunologists so completely that those immunologists overlooked certain difficulties. Perhaps the primary difficulty with the antigen-antibody explanation is the informational problem of how an antigen is recognized and how a structure exactly complementary to it is then synthesized. When molecu
6、lar biologists discovered, moreover, that such information cannot flow from protein to protein, hut only from nucleic acid to protein, the theory that an antigen itself provided the mold that directed the synthesis of an antibody had to be seriously qualified. The attempts at qualification and the i
7、nformation provided by research in molecular biology led scientists to realize that a second immunological reaction is mediated through the lymphocytes that are hostile to and bring about the destruction of the antigen. This type of immunological response is called cell- mediated immunity.Recent res
8、earch in cell-mediated immunity has been concerned not only with the development of new and better vaccines, but also with the problem of transplanting tissues and organs from one organism to another, for although circulating antibodies play a part in the rejection of transplanted tissues, the prima
9、ry role is played by cell-mediated reactions. During cell-mediated responses, receptor sites on specific lymphoeytes and surface antigens on the foreign tissue cells form a complex that binds the lymphocytes to the tissue. Such lymphocytes do not give rise to antibody- producing plasma cells but the
10、mselves bring about the death of the foreign-tissue cells, probably by secreting a variety of substances, some of which are toxic to the tissue cells and some of which stimulate increased phagocyte activity by white blood cells of the macrophage type. Cell-mediated immunity also accounts for the des
11、truction of intracellular parasites.（分数：7.50）(1).The passage suggests that scientists might not have developed the theory of cell-mediated immunological reactions if_.（分数：1.50）A.proteins existed in specific group typesB.proteins could have been shown to direct the synthesis of other proteinsC.antige
12、ns were always destroyed by proteinsD.antibodies were composed only of protein(2).The author argues that the antigen-antibody explanation of immunity “had to be seriously qualified“ because_.（分数：1.50）A.antibodies were found to activate unstable components in the bloodB.antigens are not exactly compl
13、ementary to antibodiesC.lymphocytes have the ability to bind to the surface of antigensD.antibodies are synthesized from protein whereas antigens are made from nucleic acid(3).The author most probably believes that the antigen-antibody theory of immunological reaction_.（分数：1.50）A.is wrongB.was accep
14、ted without evidenceC.is unverifiableD.is a partial explanation(4).The author mentions all of the following as being involved in antigen-antibody immunological reactions EXCEPT the_.（分数：1.50）A.synthesis of a proteinB.activation of complement in the bloodstreamC.destruction of antibodiesD.entrapment
15、of antigens by macrophages(5).The author supports the theory of cell-mediated reactions primarily by _.（分数：1.50）A.pointing out a contradiction in the assumption leading to the antigen-antibody theoryB.explaining how cell mediation accounts for phenomena that the antigen-antibody theory cannot accoun
16、t forC.revealing new data that scientists arguing for the antigen-antibody theory have continued to ignoreD.showing that the antigen-antibody theory fails to account for the breakup of antigensSince the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is da
17、ngerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And ff scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is i
18、ncreasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transacti
19、on. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled p
20、hysicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to hand
21、le a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s
22、and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains ro
23、ughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a ra
24、pidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on the earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neurosci
25、entists still dont know quite how we do it.（分数：7.50）(1).Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.（分数：1.50）A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elites cunning tackling
26、of dangerous and boring work(2).The word “gizmos“ (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means _.（分数：1.50）A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures(3).According to the passage, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can_.（分数：1.50）A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.
27、interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world(4).Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.（分数：1.50）A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentsD.cultivate human c
28、reativity(5).The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.（分数：1.50）A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environmentAbout tw
29、ice every century, one of the massive stars in our galaxy blows itself apart in a supernova explosion that sends massive quantities of radiation and matter into space and generates shock waves that sweep through the arms (a narrow extension of a larger area, mass, or group) of the galaxy. The shock
30、waves heat the interstellar gas, evaporate small clouds, and compress larger ones to the point at which they collapse under their own gravity to form new stars. The general picture that has been developed for the supernova explosion and its aftermath goes something like this. Throughout its evolutio
31、n, a star is much like a leaky balloon. It keeps its equilibrium figure through a balance of internal pressure against the tendency to collapse under its own weight. The pressure is generated by nuclear reactions in the core of the star which must continually supply energy to balance the energy that
32、 leaks out in the form of radiation. Eventually the nuclear fuel is exhausted, and the pressure drops in the core. With nothing to hold it up, the matter in the center of the star collapses inward, creating higher and higher densities and temperatures, until the nuclei and electrons are fused into a
33、 super-dense lump of matter known as a neutron star.As the overlying layers rain down on the surface of the neutron star, the temperature rises, until with a blinding flash of radiation, the collapse is reversed. A thermonuclear shock wave runs through the now expanding stellar envelope, fusing ligh
34、ter elements into heavier ones and producing a brilliant visual outburst that can be as intense as the light of 10 billion suns. The shell of matter thrown off by the explosion plows through the surrounding gas, producing an expanding bubble of hot gas, with gas temperatures in the millions of degre
35、es. This gas will emit most of its energy at X-ray wavelengths, so it is not surprising that X-ray observatories have provided some of the most useful insights into the nature of the supernova phenomenon. More than twenty supernova remnants have now been detected in X-ray studies.Recent discoveries
36、of meteorites with anomalous concentrations of certain isotopes indicate that a supernova might have precipitated the birth of our solar system more than four and a half billion years ago, Although the cloud that collapsed to form the sun and the planets was composed primarily of hydrogen and helium
37、, it also contained carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, elements essential for life as we know it. Elements heavier than helium are manufactured deep in the interior of stars and would, for the most part, remain there if it were not for the cataclysmic supernova explosions that blow giant stars apart. Add
38、itionally, supernovas produce clouds of high- energy particles called cosmic rays. These high-energy particles continually bombard the earth and are responsible for many of the genetic mutations that are the driving force of the evolution of species.（分数：7.50）(1).Which of the following titles best de
39、scribes the content of the passage?（分数：1.50）A.The Origins and Effects of Supernovas.B.The Life and Death of Stars.C.The Origins and Evolution of Life on the Earth.D.The Aftermath of a Supernov(2).According to the passage, we can expect a supernova to occur in our galaxy _.（分数：1.50）A.about twice each
40、 yearB.hundreds of times each centuryC.about once every fifty yearsD.about once every other century(3).According to the passage a neutron star is _.（分数：1.50）A.a gaseous cloud containing heavy elementsB.an intermediate stage between an ordinary star and a supernovaC.the residue that is left by a supe
41、rnovaD.the core of an ordinary star that houses the thermonuclear reactions(4).Which of the following methods does the author employ to develop the first paragraph?（分数：1.50）A.Analogy.B.Deduction.C.Generalization.D.Exampl(5).The author implies that _.（分数：1.50）A.it is sometimes easier to detect supern
42、ovas by observation of the X-ray spectrum than by observation of visible wavelengths of lightB.life on the earth is endangered by its constant exposure to radiation forces that are released by a supernovaC.recently discovered meteorites indicate that the earth and other planets of our solar system s
43、urvived the explosion of a supernova several billion years agoD.lighter elements are formed from heavier elements during a supernova as the heavier elements are torn apartThe uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and sele
44、ctive receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa, the most eloquent spokesman of Japans “Enlightenment“, claimed: “The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things posse
45、ssed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere.“ Fukuzawas great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canon
46、s of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of
47、 the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new d
48、emocratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic
49、processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life; yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values arc often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individuali
